保护性耕作和施氮促进土壤碳氮矿化提高玉米光合特性和产量

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.15.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究保护性耕作和施氮对土壤碳氮矿化特性及其对玉米光合特性和产量的影响机理，为提高西北旱区土壤肥力、促进玉米生产提供依据。【方法】通过两年（2019—2020年）玉米田间定位试验，以传统耕作（CT）为对照，设置3种保护性耕作措施（免耕：NT；小麦季免耕玉米季旋耕：OT；起垄免耕：RNT）和2个施氮水平（N0：0；N2：170 kg N·hm^-2），共6个处理。系统研究保护性耕作和施氮对土壤养分含量、碳氮矿化特性、玉米光合生理特征和产量的影响。【结果】保护性耕作和施氮显著提高了土壤养分含量（P<0.05），N2水平下NT、OT和RNT处理土壤有机碳（SOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）、全氮（TN）和微生物量氮（MBN）含量较CT分别提高了8.6%—24.7%、18.9%—27.0%、8.9%—20.2%和0.3%—24.9%。施氮显著增加了土壤碳矿化累积量（C_min）、氮矿化累积量（N_min）及其矿化速率，保护性耕作进一步提高了土壤碳、氮矿化特性。C_min和N_min分别在RNTN2和OTN2处理下达到最大值，较其他处理分别提高了4.0%—30.2%和8.0%—52.4%。保护性耕作和施氮显著提高了玉米叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和气孔导度（Gs）（P<0.05），两年玉米Pn、Tr和Gs均在OTN2处理达到最大值。两年玉米产量均表现为OTN2>RNTN2>NTN2>CTN2>NTN0>CTN0处理，最高产量分别为10.52和10.91 t·hm^-2，较其他处理分别平均提高了24.5%和27.5%。基于结构方程模型分析发现，保护性耕作主要通过增加土壤养分含量，促进了土壤有机碳氮矿化，提升了土壤有效氮供应能力，进而促进玉米光合能力增强，实现玉米增产。【结论】在西北旱区，保护性耕作和施氮对于促进土壤碳氮矿化、提升玉米产量和维持土壤生产力具有重要意义，推荐小麦季免耕玉米季旋耕结合施氮为玉米增产提效最优管理措施。

关键词: 保护性耕作, 施氮, 有机碳矿化, 有机氮矿化, 玉米, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 Exploring the effects of conservation tillage and nitrogen application on soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization characteristics, as well as their impact mechanisms on maize photosynthetic characteristics and yield, in order to provide a basis for improving soil fertility and promoting maize production in arid areas of Northwest China.【Method】 This study conducted a two-year (2019-2020) maize field location experiment, with traditional tillage (CT) as the control, and set up three protective tillage measures (no tillage: NT; no tillage in wheat season and rotary tillage in maize season: OT; ridge cultivation with no tillage: RNT) and two nitrogen application levels (N0: 0; N2: 170 kg N·hm^-2), for a total of 6 treatments. The effects of conservation tillage and nitrogen application on soil nutrient content, carbon and nitrogen mineralization characteristics, maize photosynthetic physiological characteristics, and yield were investigated systematically. 【Result】 Conservation tillage and nitrogen application significantly increased soil nutrient content (P<0.05). Under N2 level, compared with CT treatment, NT, OT, and RNT treatments increased soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), total nitrogen (TN), and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) content by 8.6%-24.7%, 18.9%-27.0%, 8.9%-20.2%, and 0.3%-24.9%, respectively. The application of nitrogen significantly increased the accumulation of soil carbon mineralization (C_min), nitrogen mineralization accumulation (N_min), and their mineralization rates. Conservation tillage further improved the soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization characteristics. C_min and N_min reached their maximum values under RNTN2 and OTN2 treatments, respectively, which increased by 4.0%-30.2% and 8.0%-52.4% compared with other treatments. Conservation tillage and nitrogen application significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and stomatal conductance (Gs) of maize leaves (P<0.05). The Pn, Tr, and Gs of maize reached their maximum values in the OTN2 treatment for two years. The yield of maize in two years showed the order of OTN2>RNTN2>NTN2>CTN2>NTN0>CTN0, with the highest yields of 10.52 and 10.91 t·hm^-2, respectively, which increased by an average of 24.5% and 27.5% compared with other treatments. Based on structural equation modeling analysis, it was found that conservation tillage mainly increased soil nutrient content, promoted soil organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization, enhanced soil available nitrogen supply capacity, and thus promoted the enhancement of maize photosynthetic capacity, achieving maize yield increase. 【Conclusion】 In the arid northwest region, conservation tillage and nitrogen application were of great significance in promoting soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization, increasing maize yield, and maintaining soil productivity. It was recommended that no tillage in wheat season and rotary tillage in maize season combined with nitrogen application was the optimal management measures for increasing maize yield and efficiency.

Key words: conservation tillage, nitrogen application, organic carbon mineralization, organic nitrogen mineralization, maize, yield

卢怡宁, 谷晓博, 杜娅丹, 李晓雁, 延廷霖, 赵彤彤. 保护性耕作和施氮促进土壤碳氮矿化提高玉米光合特性和产量[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(15): 3051-3063.

LU YiNing, GU XiaoBo, DU YaDan, LI XiaoYan, YAN TingLin, ZHAO TongTong. Conservation Tillage and Nitrogen Application Promote Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization and Improve Maize Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(15): 3051-3063.

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处理 Treatment	土壤有机碳 SOC (g·kg^-1)	微生物量碳 MBC (mg·kg^-1)	全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	微生物量氮 MBN (mg·kg^-1)
CTN0	160.77b	229.77c	4.73d	44.25d
CTN2	162.83b	248.00bc	4.78d	55.29c
NTN0	169.50b	262.82b	5.08c	59.02bc
NTN2	202.98a	314.87a	5.75a	55.44c
OTN2	178.82ab	294.93a	5.20b	69.08a
RNTN2	176.82ab	312.59a	5.66a	65.62ab

处理 Treatment	C₀(mg·kg^-1)	k_C(d^-1)	T_1/2(d)	R²	N₀(mg·kg^-1)	k_N(d^-1)	T_1/2(d)	R²
CTN0	1964.79	0.0268	25.86	0.99	36.47	0.0344	20.15	0.99
CTN2	2180.85	0.0260	26.65	0.99	39.83	0.0386	17.96	0.99
NTN0	2377.07	0.0241	28.76	0.99	38.49	0.0333	20.82	0.99
NTN2	2911.58	0.0196	35.36	0.99	47.67	0.0300	23.10	0.98
OTN2	2840.50	0.0186	37.26	0.99	57.23	0.0304	22.80	0.98
RNTN2	3538.17	0.0160	43.31	0.99	51.99	0.0325	21.33	0.99

处理 Treatment	2019				2020
处理 Treatment	穗行数 Ear row number	行粒数 Kernels per row	百粒重 100-grain weigh (g)	产量 Yield ( t·hm^-2)	穗行数 Ear row number	行粒数 Kernels per row	百粒重 100-grain weigh (g)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
CTN0	8.33b	23.67c	22.69c	6.91d	14.00ab	28.56d	28.34c	6.88d
CTN2	13.33a	35.33ab	32.37b	9.64c	14.33a	35.67bc	32.12b	9.34c
NTN0	9.33b	24.78c	23.43c	6.96d	12.67b	34.67c	23.59d	6.92d
NTN2	13.33a	36.00a	33.34ab	9.81c	14.33a	37.78a	34.75a	10.60b
OTN2	14.33a	35.56a	34.29a	10.52a	14.67a	37.33a	34.90a	10.91a
RNTN2	13.67a	33.22b	32.29b	10.21b	15.33a	36.78ab	34.13a	10.70ab
T	ns	**	*	***	ns	*	*	***
N	***	***	***	***	*	**	***	***
T×N	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	***	***