复种绿肥协同不同水平氮肥对春小麦产量及品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.12.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探明麦后复种绿肥协同不同水平氮肥对春小麦产量和籽粒品质的影响，对构建青海省基于绿肥的化肥减施与优质生产模式提供理论指导。【方法】于2023—2024年在青海大学农林科学院试验地进行裂区试验，主区为麦后复种绿肥（W-G）和麦后休闲（W）2种种植模式；副区为不施氮（N0）、氮肥减施30%（N1，157.5 kg N·hm^-2）、当地习惯施氮（N2，225 kg N·hm^-2）3个施氮水平，测定小麦产量及籽粒品质（籽粒蛋白、沉降值、形成时间、稳定时间、湿面筋等）。【结果】2023和2024年,W-GN1处理籽粒产量较WN1分别增加5.5%和13.4%，较WN2处理增加了2.0%和5.3%；W-GN1处理生物产量较WN1分别增加5.1%和10.6%，较WN2处理增加1.5%和4.6%。W-G较W处理能获得较高的收获指数。复种绿肥补偿效应在不施氮水平下呈负值，在施氮水平下为2.0%—14.0%，复种绿肥结合氮肥减施30%对增加作物产量的贡献最佳。同时，W-GN1处理可通过增加籽粒蛋白含量、沉降值、形成时间和稳定时间改善籽粒品质，其籽粒蛋白含量较WN1分别增加10.62%和9.48%；籽粒沉降值分别增加25.05%和18.13%；籽粒形成时间分别增加34.70%和8.66%；籽粒稳定时间分别增加41.30%和13.68%。通过主成分分析可知，麦后复种绿肥对籽粒蛋白含量、沉降值、形成时间和稳定时间的提升更为显著。【结论】麦后复种绿肥协同氮肥减施30%（N1，157.5 kg N·hm^-2）显著提高了小麦籽粒产量，改善了籽粒品质，可作为青海省减施化肥条件下小麦提质稳产的适宜种植模式和施氮水平。

关键词: 绿肥, 施氮水平, 产量, 籽粒品质, 春小麦

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to explore the effects of multiple cropping green manure combined with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and grain quality of spring wheat, so as to provide the theoretical guidance for the construction of chemical fertilizer reduction and high-quality production mode based on green manure in Qinghai province.【Method】The split plot experiment was carried out in the experimental site of the Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University from 2023 to 2024. Two planting patterns were set up in the main area: multiple cropping green manure after wheat (W-G) and leisure after wheat (W), and three nitrogen fertilizer levels in the sub-area included: no nitrogen application (N0), nitrogen fertilizer reduction by 30% (N1, 157.5 kg N·hm^-2), and the local custom of nitrogen application (N2, 225 kg N·hm^-2). Wheat yield and grain quality (grain protein content, sedimentation value, formation time, stability time, wet gluten, etc.) were determined.【Result】The grain yield of spring wheat under W-GN1 treatment was 5.5% and 13.4% higher than that under WN1 in 2023 and 2024, and 2.0% and 5.3% higher than that under WN2 treatment, respectively; the biological yield under W-GN1 in 2023 and 2024 was 5.1% and 10.6% higher than that under WN1, and 1.5% and 4.6% higher than that under WN2, respectively. W-G could obtain higher harvest index than W. The compensation effect of multiple cropping green manure was negative under no nitrogen application level, and it was between 2.0%-14.0% under nitrogen application level. The contribution of multiple cropping green manure combined with 30% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer to increasing crop yield was the best. At the same time, W-GN1 could improve grain quality by increasing grain protein content, sedimentation value, formation time and stabilization time. The grain protein content under W-GN1 treatment was 10.62% and 9.48% higher than that under WN1, respectively. The grain sedimentation value increased by 25.05% and 18.13%, respectively. The grain formation time increased by 34.70% and 8.66%, respectively. The grain stability time increased by 41.30% and 13.68%, respectively. Through principal component analysis, it demonstrated that the multiple cropping of green manure after wheat had a more significant promoting effect in grain protein content, sedimentation value, formation time and stability time.【Conclusion】The grain yield and quality of spring wheat were significantly improved by 30% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer (N1,157.5 kg N·hm^-2) combined with green manure after wheat harvest, which could be used as a suitable planting mode and nitrogen application level for improving quality and stable yield of wheat under the condition of reducing chemical fertilizer in Qinghai Province.

Key words: green manure, nitrogen level, yield, grain quality, spring wheat

李蓉, 李正鹏, 严清彪, 郭冉冉, 韩梅, 徐珂. 复种绿肥协同不同水平氮肥对春小麦产量及品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(12): 2333-2345.

LI Rong, LI ZhengPeng, YAN QingBiao, GUO RanRan, HAN Mei, XU Ke. Effects of Multiple Cropping Green Manure Combined with Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels on Yield and Quality of Spring Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(12): 2333-2345.

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种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 Nitrogen level	处理组合代码 Treatment combined code	具体措施 Specific measure
麦后复种绿肥 Wheat multiple cropping with green manure（W-G）	不施氮 No nitrogen (N0)	W-GN0	小麦收获后浅旋复种绿肥，在10月中旬落霜后（绿肥盛花期），将绿肥全量翻压还田，翻压深度25 cm After wheat harvest, shallow rotation stubble killing and replanting of green manure were carried out. After frost fell in mid-October (the green manure flowering period), the full amount of green manure was turned over and returned to the field, with a turning depth of 25 cm
	氮肥减施30% Nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 30% (N1)	W-GN1
	当地习惯施氮 The local custom of nitrogen (N2)	W-GN2
麦后休闲 Wheat with autumn fallow（W）	不施氮 No nitrogen (N0)	WN0	小麦收获后夏休闲，在10月中旬落霜后，与复种绿肥处理同时进行耕翻，耕翻深度25 cm Summer leisure after wheat harvest, after frost fell in mid- October, ploughing was carried out at the same time as green manure treatment，and the ploughing depth was 25 cm
	氮肥减施30% Nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 30% (N1)	WN1
	当地习惯施氮 The local custom of nitrogen (N2)	WN2

试验年份 Test year	作物 Crop plant	品种 Variety	播种日期 Sowing date	收获日期 Harvest date	翻压日期 Overturn date	播种量 Sowing rate (kg·hm^-2)	播种方式 Sowing method
2023	小麦 Wheat	青春38号 Qingchun 38	03-27	08-02	-	300	条播，行距16cm Drill-seeded at 16 cm row spacing
2023	绿肥 Green manure	土库曼毛叶苕子 Turkmen Vicia villosa	08-07	-	10-27	150	撒播 Broadcast sowing
2024	小麦 Wheat	青春38号 Qingchun 38	03-18	07-27	-	300	条播，行距16cm Drill-seeded at 16 cm row spacing
2024	绿肥 Green manure	土库曼毛叶苕子 Turkmen Vicia villosa	07-30	-	10-29	150	撒播 Broadcast sowing

施氮水平 Nitrogen level	后茬小麦尿素用量Urea amount of wheat (kg N·hm^-2)
施氮水平 Nitrogen level	基肥 Basal manure	四叶期追肥 Four leaf topdressing
不施氮 No nitrogen (N0)	0	0
氮肥减施30% Nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 30% (N1)	275	68.50
当地习惯施氮 The local custom of nitrogen (N2)	390	97.85

种植模式 Cropping pattern		施氮水平 Nitrogen level	绿肥贡献率 GMCR (%)	氮肥贡献率 NCR (%)	肥料贡献率 FCR (%)	补偿效应 Compensation effect (%)
2023	W-G	N0	38.1	-	38.1	-25.6
		N1	5.2	49.6	54.8	2.0
		N2	12.3	47.3	59.6	14.0
	W	N0	-	-	-	-
		N1	-	52.3	52.3	-
		N2	-	53.9	53.9	-
2024	W-G	N0	39.8	-	39.8	-45.2
		N1	11.8	56.8	68.6	5.3
		N2	8.5	61.3	69.8	9.3
	W	N0	-	-	-	-
		N1	-	64.4	64.4	-
		N2	-	67.0	67.0	-

种植模式 Cropping pattern		施氮水平 Nitrogen level	蛋白 Grain protein (%)	沉降值 Sedimentation value (mL)	形成时间Formation time (min)	稳定时间 Stability time (min)	容重 Unit weight（g·L^-1）	湿面筋 Wet gluten (%)	吸水率 Water absorption (%)	硬度指数 Hardness index (%)	出粉率 Flour yield (%)
2023	W-G	N0	13.94b	37.47a	3.63c	13.13b	781.67c	28.52b	65.13a	76.33a	73.73a
		N1	15.00a	39.27a	4.33a	14.23a	810.00a	31.60a	65.03a	76.67a	73.47a
		N2	14.79a	40.87a	3.97b	14.03a	810.67a	31.73a	65.40a	78.00a	76.33a
	W	N0	12.36c	25.97c	2.67e	10.67c	780.67c	25.75c	62.87a	73.67a	75.03a
		N1	13.56b	31.40b	3.07d	10.57c	798.67b	29.43b	65.50a	76.67a	71.63a
		N2	14.60a	32.47b	3.43c	11.30c	807.33a	31.47a	64.03a	73.33a	72.97a
2024	W-G	N0	13.39b	38.70c	3.30ab	12.27b	792.33b	27.29b	61.37a	71.00a	73.17ab
		N1	14.48a	41.70b	3.60a	13.80a	804.33a	29.89a	63.57a	75.00a	75.40a
		N2	14.55a	45.67a	3.57a	13.57a	808.33a	30.33a	63.63a	74.67a	75.73a
	W	N0	12.31c	33.17e	2.63c	11.53c	788.00b	25.15c	57.93b	63.67b	70.17b
		N1	13.23b	35.30d	3.17b	12.70b	801.00a	27.66b	62.33a	73.33a	76.97a
		N2	13.56b	39.50c	3.37ab	12.77b	801.67a	28.42b	63.30a	74.33a	77.03a
种植模式 Cropping pattern (C)			***	***	***	***	**	***	NS	NS	NS
施氮水平 Nitrogen level (N)			***	***	***	**	***	***	*	*	NS
C×N			NS	NS	*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS