高密度下扩行缩株对夏玉米干物质与养分积累、转运的调控效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.23.007

中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (23): 4658-4672.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.23.007

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

高密度下扩行缩株对夏玉米干物质与养分积累、转运的调控效应

石德杨(), 李艳红², 王飞飞³, 夏德君¹, 矫岩林¹(), 孙妮娜¹, 赵健¹()

¹ 山东省烟台市农业科学研究院粮油作物研究所，山东烟台 265500
² 烟台市农业技术推广中心，山东烟台 264000
³ 滨州中裕农业科学研究院，山东滨州 256600

收稿日期:2024-04-19 接受日期:2024-08-31 出版日期:2024-12-01 发布日期:2024-12-07
通信作者:
矫岩林，E-mail：ytpeanut@163.com。
赵健，E-mail：zhaojian030@163.com
联系方式: 石德杨，E-mail：shideyang888@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0300604); 山东省现代农业产业技术体系建设项目(SDAIT-02-15); 烟台市科技创新发展计划(2021NYNC012)

Regulation Effects of Line-Spacing Expansion and Row-Spacing Shrinkage on Dry Matter and Nutrient Accumulation and Transport of Summer Maize Under High Plant Density

SHI DeYang(), LI YanHong², WANG FeiFei³, XIA DeJun¹, JIAO YanLin¹(), SUN NiNa¹, ZHAO Jian¹()

¹ Institute of Grain and Oil Crops, Shandong Yantai Agricultural Research Institute, Yantai 265500, Shandong
² Yantai Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Yantai 26400, Shandong
³ Binzhou Zhongyu Agricultural Science Research Institute, Binzhou 256600, Shandong

Received:2024-04-19 Accepted:2024-08-31 Published:2024-12-01 Online:2024-12-07

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究高密度种植条件下扩行缩株（扩行距、缩株距）对夏玉米产量、干物质及养分积累转运的调控效应，明确最佳株行距配置模式，以期为黄淮海地区夏玉米产量的进一步提高提供理论依据。【方法】于2019—2020年连续2个玉米生长季，在8.25万株/hm²种植密度下，设置等行距60 cm（B1）、65 cm（B2）、70 cm（B3）、75 cm（B4）及80 cm（B5）5个行距配置和登海518（DH518）、登海605（DH605）2个夏玉米品种两因素裂区田间大区对比试验，研究扩行缩株对夏玉米产量及构成因素，干物质积累、分配与转运，养分吸收与转运的影响，并分析干物质积累及养分吸收与产量的相关性。【结果】夏玉米产量随行距的增加呈先增后降趋势，在B4达到极值。2年试验中，DH518、DH605产量在B4处理产量较B1处理平均增加9.59%、13.18%；分析产量构成因素可知，扩行缩株主要通过影响穗粒数以影响夏玉米产量，DH518及DH605穗粒数在B4处理较B1处理2年平均增加8.30%及11.1%。扩行缩株显著影响夏玉米吐丝期（R1）后玉米植株干物质积累量，随行距的增大呈先增后降趋势，且在B4处理取得最大值，用Logistic回归方程拟合生长曲线发现，DH518、DH605在B4处理最大干物质积累速率较B1处理分别增加13.6%、16.3%，平均增长速率分别增加15.9%、17.5%；适当增加种植行距可以提高夏玉米吐丝后干物质积累量及吐丝前营养器官干物质向籽粒转运量。两品种氮、磷、钾积累量随行距增加呈先增后降趋势，DH518在R1及收获期（R6）地上部氮、磷、钾积累量较B1处理分别提高5.2%—25.2%、9.8%—43.5%、3.5%—26.1%及6.3%—29.0%、9.6%-49.9%、8.5%—31.0%；DH605分别提高6.0%—17.4%、5.7%—28.9%、5.2%—19.1%及7.6%—28.4%、8.7%—46.5%、6.6%—25.7%。增加行距显著提高两品种氮、磷、钾素转运量，且在B4处理达到极值，DH518及DH605在B4处理N、P、K转运量较B1处理分别增加19.9%、39.3%、23.3%及14.6%、30.8%、24.9%。对玉米R1、R6地上部干物质积累量与氮、磷、钾积累量与产量进行相关性分析发现，玉米R1及R6干物质积累量与氮、磷、钾积累量与产量均呈显著正相关关系。【结论】高密度种植条件下，扩行缩株提高了DH518及DH605干物质最大增长速率和平均增长速率，促进了吐丝前干物质及养分转运和吐丝后积累养分对籽粒贡献率的协同提高，进而提高玉米产量与肥料利用。综合考虑产量，干物质与养分积累与转运等因素，在黄淮海夏玉米区8.25万株/hm²种植条件下，75 cm等行距种植有利于获得高产。

关键词: 扩行缩株, 夏玉米, 干物质积累与分配, 养分吸收与转运, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore the effect of line-spacing expansion and row-spacing shrinkage on maize yield, dry matter and nutrient accumulation and transport under high-density planting conditions, and to clarify the optimal allocations of row-spacing, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the further increase of grain yield in Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region.【Method】 For two consecutive maize growing seasons in 2019-2020, under the planting density of 82 500 plants/hm², a field comparison experiment was conducted with 5 equidistant row, including 60 cm (B1), 65 cm (B2), 70 cm (B3), 75 cm (B4) and 80 cm (B5), and 2 summer maize varieties, including Denghai 518 (DH518) and Denghai 605 (DH605). The effects of line-spacing expansion and row-spacing shrinkage on maize yield and its constituent factors, dry matter accumulation, distribution and transport, nutrient absorption and transport were studied, and the correlation between dry matter accumulation, nutrient absorption and yield was analyzed too. 【Result】 The increase of the yield of summer maize showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, reaching the extreme value under B4. In the 2-year experiment, the yields of DH518 and DH605 under B4 treatment increased by 9.59% and 13.18% on average compared with B1 treatment, respectively. The analysis of yield components showed that the yield of summer maize was affected mainly by the number of grains per ear, the grain number per spike of DH518 and DH605 increased by 8.30% and 11.1% under B4 treatment compared with B1 treatment, respectively. Line-spacing expansion and row-spacing shrinkage significantly affected the dry matter accumulation of maize plants after silking (R1), and the increase of trailing distance showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, which reached the maximum value under B4 treatment. Logistic regression equation was used to fit the growth curve, and it was found that the maximum dry matter accumulation rate of DH518 and DH605 under B4 treatment increased by 13.6% and 16.3% than that under B1 treatment, respectively, and the average growth rate increased by 15.9% and 17.5%, respectively. Appropriate increase of planting row spacing could improve dry matter accumulation after R1, and dry matter transfered from vegetative organs to grain before R1. The accumulation of N, P and K in the two varieties increased first and then decreased. The N, P and K accumulation of DH518 in R1 and physiological maturity (R6) were increased by 5.2%-25.2%, 9.8%-43.5%, 3.5%-26.1% and 6.3%-29.0%, 9.6%-49.9%, and 8.5%-31.0% compared with B1 treatment, respectively; DH605 increased by 6.0%-17.4%, 5.7%-28.9%, 5.2%-19.1% and 7.6%-28.4%, 8.7%-46.5%, and 6.6%-25.7%, respectively. The increase of row spacing significantly increased the volume of transshipment of N, P and K in the 2 varieties, and reached the extreme value under B4 treatment. The volume of transshipment of N, P and K in DH518 and DH605 under B4 treatment increased by 19.9%, 39.3%, 23.3% and 14.6%, 30.8%, 24.9% compared with B1 treatment, respectively. The correlation analysis of above-ground dry matter accumulation and N, P, K accumulation and yield in R1 and R6 showed that the dry matter accumulation and N, P, and K accumulation were significantly positively correlated with grain yield.【Conclusion】 Under high density planting conditions, line-spacing expansion and row-spacing shrinkage improved the maximum and average dry matter growth rate of DH518 and DH605, and promoted nutrient translocation amount and contribution rate of accumulation nutrients after the R1 stage, synergistically, thus increased maize yield and fertilizer utilization. Considering yield, accumulation and transport of dry matter and nutrients, 75 cm equal row spacing was beneficial to yield under the planting condition of 82 500 plants /hm²in Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region.

Key words: line-spacing expansion and row-spacing shrinkage, summer maize, accumulation and distribution of dry matter, nutrient absorption and transport, yield

石德杨, 李艳红, 王飞飞, 夏德君, 矫岩林, 孙妮娜, 赵健. 高密度下扩行缩株对夏玉米干物质与养分积累、转运的调控效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(23): 4658-4672.

SHI DeYang, LI YanHong, WANG FeiFei, XIA DeJun, JIAO YanLin, SUN NiNa, ZHAO Jian. Regulation Effects of Line-Spacing Expansion and Row-Spacing Shrinkage on Dry Matter and Nutrient Accumulation and Transport of Summer Maize Under High Plant Density[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(23): 4658-4672.

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年份 Year	品种 Cultivar	行距 Row space	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	穗数 Ear number (ear·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain number per ear	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
2019	登海518 DH518	B1	11453.1b	79629.6a	497.7d	298.7a
		B2	11740.0b	79316.2a	508.0c	299.0a
		B3	12292.8a	79682.5a	522.7b	301.2a
		B4	12532.0a	80288.9a	535.0a	302.4a
		B5	12288.2a	79792.0a	523.3b	301.1a
	登海605 DH605	B1	11935.1c	80370.4a	486.3c	315.0a
		B2	12509.6b	80000.3a	504.0b	318.7a
		B3	13190.2a	80954.0a	520.7ab	319.3a
		B4	13334.9a	81077.8a	539.3a	319.0a
		B5	13009.4a	80555.6a	521.3ab	319.3a
2020	登海518 DH518	B1	11291.0b	80370.4a	484.7c	296.5a
		B2	11740.8ab	79809.9a	504.0b	298.2a
		B3	12272.3a	79719.0a	520.0ab	298.7a
		B4	12391.5a	80355.6a	528.7a	299.4a
		B5	12030.8ab	79925.3a	514.0ab	298.8a
	登海605 DH605	B1	11458.5c	81111.1a	477.3d	312.6a
		B2	12289.8b	81025.6a	493.3c	313.7a
		B3	13056.7a	81238.1a	521.3ab	314.6a
		B4	13133.6a	82074.1a	531.3a	314.2a
		B5	12791.9a	80833.3a	514.0b	314.0a
变异来源Sources of variation
年份 Year (Y)			**	**	**	**
品种 Cultivar (C)			**	**	**	*
行距 Row space (R)			**	**	**	**
年份×品种 Y×C			NS	NS	**	NS
年份×行距 Y×R			NS	NS	NS	NS
品种×行距 C×R			*	NS	NS	NS
年份×品种×行距 Y×C×R			NS	NS	NS	NS

品种 Cultivar	行距 Row space	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	最大增长速率出现天数 The days of maximum increase rate (d)	最大增长速率 Maximum increase rate (g·d^-1·m^-2)	平均增长速率 Average increase rate (g·d^-1·m^-2)
登海518 DH518	B1	Y=2292.83/（1+e^{61.945-0.087t}）	0.9955	47.4	49.88	21.77
	B2	Y=2278.66/（1+e^60.86-0.087t）	0.9953	47.3	49.43	22.55
	B3	Y=2468.94/（1+e^63.30-0.087t）	0.9947	47.7	53.69	24.40
	B4	Y=2555.71/（1+e^66.68-0.089t）	0.9949	47.3	56.69	25.24
	B5	Y=2488.01/（1+e^62.87-0.087t）	0.9946	47.7	54.01	24.59
登海605 DH605	B1	Y=2429.46/（1+e^79.83-0.082t）	0.9966	53.1	50.11	23.20
	B2	Y=2570.92/（1+e^85.40-0.083t）	0.9966	53.3	53.59	24.60
	B3	Y=2772.03/（1+e^73.41-0.080t）	0.9959	54.1	55.08	26.49
	B4	Y=2862.69/（1+e^79.15-0.081t）	0.9969	53.7	58.28	27.26
	B5	Y=2760.91/（1+e^79.25-0.081t）	0.9964	53.8	56.06	26.33

变异来源 Sources of variation	吐丝期 Silking (R1)			成熟期 Physiological maturity (R6)
变异来源 Sources of variation	叶片 Leaf	茎鞘 Stem+sheath	雌穗 Ear	叶片 Leaf	茎鞘 Stem + sheath	苞叶+穗轴 Cob + husk	籽粒 Grain
品种 Cultivar (C)	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
行距 Row space (R)	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
品种×行距 C×R	**	**	**	**	**	**	**

品种 Cultivar	行距 Row space	吐丝前 Before silking						吐丝后 After silking
		DMR (g·m^-2)		DMRE (%)		DMRCG (%)		吐丝后 After silking
		叶片 Leaf	茎鞘 Stem+sheath	叶片 Leaf	茎鞘 Stem+sheath	叶片 Leaf	茎鞘 Stem+sheath	DMAS	DMASCG
登海518 DH518	B1	45.76c	34.83b	13.18a	6.95a	4.10b	3.12a	1311.5d	92.78b
	B2	46.94bc	35.27b	12.96ab	6.79a	4.05b	3.04a	1354.5c	92.91b
	B3	48.46b	35.45b	12.24bc	6.28bc	3.83c	2.80b	1458.8b	93.37a
	B4	50.24a	36.55a	12.15c	6.18c	3.83c	2.78b	1501.9a	93.39a
	B5	50.01a	36.32a	12.59bc	6.38b	3.93a	2.85b	1465.9b	93.22a
登海605 DH605	B1	47.22b	16.67b	12.24a	3.09a	3.88a	1.37a	1462.6d	94.75c
	B2	48.59bc	16.42b	12.03ab	2.91ab	3.72a	1.25ab	1549.6c	95.03b
	B3	50.57a	16.75ab	11.88bc	2.82b	3.56b	1.18bc	1694.6b	95.26ab
	B4	51.15a	16.75ab	11.80c	2.76c	3.48c	1.14c	1748.1a	95.38a
	B5	50.57a	17.00a	11.97b	2.87b	3.58b	1.20b	1677.8b	95.21ab
变异来源 Sources of variation
品种Cultivar (C)		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
行距Row space (R)		**	**	**	NS	**	NS	**	*
品种×行距 C×R		**	*	NS	NS	**	NS	**	*

变异来源 Sources of variation	吐丝期 Silking (R1)			成熟期 Physiological maturity (R6)
变异来源 Sources of variation	N	P	K	N	P	K
品种 Cultivar (C)	**	**	**	**	**	**
行距 Row space (R)	**	**	**	**	**	**
品种×行距 C×R	**	**	**	*	**	**

高密度下扩行缩株对夏玉米干物质与养分积累、转运的调控效应

Regulation Effects of Line-Spacing Expansion and Row-Spacing Shrinkage on Dry Matter and Nutrient Accumulation and Transport of Summer Maize Under High Plant Density

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品种 Cultivar	行距 Row space	转运量 Translocation amount (g·m^-2)			转运率 Translocation rate (%)			转运养分贡献率 Contribution rate of translocated nutrient (%)			积累养分贡献率 Contribution rate of accumulated nutrient (%)
品种 Cultivar	行距 Row space	N	P	K	N	P	K	N	P	K	N	P	K
登海518 DH518	B1	10.59d	2.57d	2.32b	64.26a	73.93a	20.92a	68.78a	51.91a	39.12a	31.22b	48.09c	60.88c
	B2	11.02c	2.82c	2.37b	63.68b	73.02b	20.30c	67.76b	52.50a	37.40b	32.24b	47.50c	62.60b
	B3	11.96b	3.34b	2.71a	61.73c	71.72c	20.38c	64.29c	49.92b	37.78b	35.71a	50.08b	62.22b
	B4	12.70a	3.58a	2.86a	61.53c	70.46d	20.37c	65.23c	49.10c	36.64c	34.77a	50.90a	63.36a
	B5	11.74b	3.39b	2.76a	61.58c	71.95c	20.64b	64.38c	50.41b	37.44b	35.62a	49.59b	62.56b
登海605 DH605	B1	11.45d	2.95d	2.41c	64.89b	73.09d	18.35b	71.22a	55.31a	36.94a	28.78d	44.69d	63.06c
	B2	12.31c	3.16c	2.77b	65.88a	73.36c	20.09a	70.16b	54.35b	37.61a	29.84c	45.65c	62.39c
	B3	12.91ab	3.73b	2.94ab	64.62b	73.70b	19.46a	64.56c	51.15c	35.10b	35.44b	48.85b	64.90b
	B4	13.12a	3.86a	3.01a	63.54c	73.43c	19.29a	62.94d	48.45d	33.62c	37.06a	51.55a	66.38a
	B5	12.72b	3.68b	2.89ab	65.49c	74.17a	19.26a	64.02c	51.43c	35.30b	35.98b	48.57b	64.70b
变异来源 Sources of variation
品种Cultivar (C)		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
行距Row space (R)		**	**	**	**	**	*	**	**	**	**	**	**
品种×行距 C×R		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**