迟播对油菜产量、品质、光合源演替及载荷特征的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.23.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】揭示迟播对油菜光合源（叶、角果壳）演替、源载荷及产量品质的调控机制。【方法】于2022—2023年在江苏盐城大丰和南京试点各设裂区试验，主因素设6个播期：10月17日（SD1）、10月23日（SD2）、10月29日（SD3）、11月4日（SD4）、11月10日（SD5）和11月16日（SD6），副因素设常规种甘蓝型油菜南农油4号（抗寒性强）和浙油51（抗寒性中等）2个品种，研究不同播期对油菜叶面积指数（LAI）、角果壳面积指数（PAI）动态变化特征和演替特征，以及源载荷和油菜籽产量品质的影响。【结果】（1）播期越迟，油菜冬前苗龄越小，越冬存活率越低，长江下游油菜最迟安全播期为10月底，冬前苗龄5叶以上。播期推迟至11月，油菜叶龄下降至1.2—3.6叶，平均越冬存活率低于30%。南农油4号11月播种越冬率平均为30.9%，较浙油51高14.5%。（2）最迟安全播期内，随着播期推迟，油菜产量显著下降，单株角果数、千粒重的下降是造成产量下降的最直接因素；对油菜籽脂肪含量和蛋白质含量影响不显著。随着播期的推迟，SD2、SD3较SD1，产量分别下降9.6%、29.0%，单株角果数分别下降6.1%、23.9%，千粒重分别下降4.4%、6.5%。南农油4号籽粒脂肪、蛋白质含量平均为42.9%和25.0%，浙油51分别为47.9%和22.7%。（3）油菜最大LAI、PAI随播期推迟显著下降，LAI达峰值前的缓慢增长速率、达峰值后的快速下降速率皆随播期的推迟而下降；PAI快速增长速率随播期呈减缓趋势；播期越迟，LAI、PAI演替点越早（即有效积温少）和越低（即演替点LAI和PAI都比较低）。南农油4号LAI、PAI动态变化特征值、演替特征值普遍优于浙油51。（4）随播期推迟，叶面积下降幅度快于籽粒产量和角果壳面积下降幅度，造成叶源载荷逐渐增加，壳源载荷逐渐下降。叶源不足和籽粒库不足，是迟播减产的主要原因。南农油4号叶和壳载荷均高于浙油51。【结论】长江下游油菜最迟安全播期内，宜选用叶和角果壳光合源演替点适宜、源载荷较高的耐寒性强、高产高油品种，以减少迟播导致的产量损失。

关键词: 油菜（Brassica napus L.）, 迟播, 叶面积指数, 角果壳面积指数, 光合源演替, 载荷, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to explore the regulation mechanism of late sowing on succession of photosynthetic sources (leaf and silique shell), source loadability, yield and quality in rape. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in the Dafeng District, Yancheng city of Jiangsu Province, and Nanjing of Jiangsu Province in 2022-2023. The main factors sowing dates were set up at 6 levels, October 17th (SD1), October 23rd (SD2), October 29th (SD3), November 4th (SD4), November 10th (SD5), and November 16th (SD6), and the secondary factors were two conventional varieties: Nannongyou 4 (strong cold resistance) and Zheyou 51 (medium cold resistance). The effects of different sowing dates on dynamic change characteristics of leaf area index (LAI), pod area index (PAI) and source succession, source loadability and rape yield and quality were investigated. 【Result】 (1) The later the sowing dates, the younger the pre-winter seedling age, and the lower the overwintering survival rate. The latest safe date of late-sowing rapeseed in the lower reaches of Yangtze River was the end of October, and the pre-winter seedling age was more than 5 leaves. The sowing date was postponed to November, the leaf age of rape decreased to 1.2-3.6 leaves, and the average overwintering survival rate was less than 30%. The average overwintering rate of Nannongyou 4 in November was 30.9%, which was 14.5% higher than that of Zheyou 51. (2) During the latest safe sowing period, the yield of rapeseed decreased significantly with the delay of sowing dates, and the decrease of plant silique number and 1000-seed weight were the most direct factors causing the decrease of oilseed yield. With the delay of sowing date, compared with SD1, the yield of SD2 and SD3 decreased by 9.6% and 29.0%, the number of plant silique number decreased by 6.1% and 23.9%, and the 1000-seed weight decreased by 4.4% and 6.5%, respectively. The average content of fat and protein in Nannongyou 4 was 42.9% and 25%, which in Zheyou 51 was 47.9% and 22.7%, respectively. (3) With the delay of sowing dates, the maximum LAI and PAI of rape decreased significantly, the slow growth rate before LAI reaching the peak and the fast decline rate after LAI reaching the peak both decreased, and the rapid growth rate of PAI slowed down. The later the sowing dates, the earlier the LAI and PAI succession points (the lower the effective accumulated temperature), and the lower the LAI and PAI succession points (the lower the LAI and PAI succession point). The photosynthetic source and source succession dynamic characteristic values of Nannongyou 4 were generally better than those of Zheyou 51. (4) With the delay of sowing date, the leaf area decreased faster than the seeds yield and pod area, caused the leaf loadability gradually increased, while the silique loadability gradually decreased. Insufficient leaf source and seeds sink were the main reasons for the yield reduction of late sowing. The leaf and shell loadability of Nannongyou 4 was both higher than that of Zheyou 51.【Conclusion】 Within the latest safe sowing period of rapeseed in the lower reaches of Yangtze River, it was advisable to select cold-resistant, high-yield and high-oil varieties with suitable photosynthetic source succession point and high source load, to reduce yield loss caused by late sowing.

Key words: rape (Brassica napus L.), late sowing, leaf area index, pod area index, succession of photosynthetic sources, loadability, yield, quality

李飞, 熊财, 谷佳佳, 曹欣, 王珊珊, 胡伟, 周治国, 陈兵林. 迟播对油菜产量、品质、光合源演替及载荷特征的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(23): 4673-4685.

LI Fei, XIONG Cai, GU JiaJia, CAO Xin, WANG ShanShan, HU Wei, ZHOU ZhiGuo, CHEN BingLin. Effects of Late Sowing on Yield, Quality, Photosynthetic Source Succession and Loadability Characteristics of Rape[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(23): 4673-4685.

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地点 Place	品种 Variety	播期 Sowing date
地点 Place	品种 Variety	SD1	SD2	SD3	SD4	SD5	SD6
大丰 Dafeng	V1	7.4a	5.9b	4.7c	3.6d	1.9e	1.2f
大丰 Dafeng	V2	7.6a	5.5b	4.4c	3.6d	1.9e	1.3f
南京 Nanjing	V1	8.8a	7.2c	5.2d	3.3e	1.8f	1.3f
南京 Nanjing	V2	8.7a	7.8b	4.8d	3.3e	1.8f	1.3f

地点 Place	播期 Sowing date	品种 Variety	单株角果数 Plant silique number	每角果粒数 Number of seeds	千粒重 1000-seed weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	脂肪含量 Fat content (%)	蛋白质含量 Protein content (%)
大丰 Dafeng	SD1	V1	129.5a	22.3a	4.00a	3814.7a	43.0b	24.8a
	SD1	V2	99.5b	21.9a	3.77b	2693.3c	47.7a	22.5b
	SD2	V1	119.3a	22.9a	3.72bc	3352.8b	42.5b	24.0a
	SD2	V2	100.0b	22.6a	3.55cd	2646.2c	47.5a	21.9b
	SD3	V1	105.0b	21.8a	3.54cd	2694.8c	42.8b	24.7a
	SD3	V2	55.8c	22.7a	3.47d	1445.1d	47.5a	21.6b
南京 Nanjing	SD1	V1	119.5b	22.1a	4.03a	3506.5ab	43.0b	24.9ab
	SD1	V2	130.4a	22.4a	3.88b	3745.4a	48.0a	23.1b
	SD2	V1	117.8ab	21.7a	3.87b	3258.5bc	43.1b	25.6a
	SD2	V2	110.0bc	22.2a	3.84b	3089.3bcd	48.7a	23.1b
	SD3	V1	106.0bc	22.3a	3.81b	2971.2cd	42.9b	25.7a
	SD3	V2	102.5c	21.5a	3.86b	2810.9d	47.8a	23.3b
F值 F-value
地点 Place (P)			**	NS	**	**	**	**
播期 Sowing date (SD)			**	NS	**	**	NS	NS
品种Vairety (V)			**	NS	**	**	**	**
地点×播期 P×SD			*	NS	*	*	NS	NS
地点×品种 P×V			**	NS	*	**	*	NS
播期×品种 SD×V			*	NS	*	NS	NS	NS
地点×播期×品种 P×SD×V			**	NS	NS	*	NS	NS

地点 Place	播期 Sowing date	品种 Variety	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	LAI_M	EAT_LAIM （℃·d）	LAI上升期 LAI ascent stage			LAI下降期 LAI descent stage
地点 Place	播期 Sowing date	品种 Variety	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	LAI_M	EAT_LAIM （℃·d）	MR₁ (/(100 ℃·d))	EAT_M1 (℃·d)	R_avg₁ (/(100 ℃·d))	MR₂ (/(100 ℃·d))	EAT_M2 (℃·d)	R_avg₂ (/(100 ℃·d))
大丰 Dafeng	SD1	V1	LAI=1864.9/（1+e^{1.03×10-8EAT3-5.04×10-6EAT2-0.0082EAT+11.1}）	0.930 **	3.0	701.2	0.93	531.2	0.55	-1.16	872.6	-0.75
	SD1	V2	LAI=1843.3/（1+e^{6.24×10-9EAT3-3.07×10-6EAT2-0.0076EAT+11.4}）	0.969 **	2.7	820.6	0.71	622.6	0.43	-0.87	1020.7	-1.12
	SD2	V1	LAI=1607.1/（1+e^{1.03×10-8EAT3-5.08×10-6EAT2-0.0084EAT+11.3}）	0.801 **	2.4	711.2	0.76	542.5	0.45	-0.93	882.5	-0.60
	SD2	V2	LAI=1645.2/（1+e^{8.84×10-9EAT3-5.16×10-6EAT2-0.0076EAT+11.6}）	0.935 **	2.1	764.7	0.62	586.6	0.37	-0.77	945.6	-0.39
	SD3	V1	LAI=1094.2/（1+e^{1.35×10-8EAT3-6.90×10-6EAT2-0.0092EAT+11.6}）	0.761 **	1.8	677.1	0.63	524.6	0.38	-0.78	832.7	-1.00
	SD3	V2	LAI=1374.7/（1+e^{1.03×10-8EAT3-5.44×10-6EAT2-0.0081EAT+11.7}）	0.891 **	1.4	715.5	0.44	546.5	0.26	-0.55	887.2	-0.35
南京 Nanjing	SD1	V1	LAI=2175.3/（1+e^{4.03×10-9EAT3-1.04×10-6EAT2-0.0076EAT+10.9}）	0.901 **	4.6	885.3	1.11	660.0	0.67	-1.34	1111.3	-0.87
	SD1	V2	LAI=3741.4/（1+e^{2.81×10-9EAT3-1.38×10-6EAT2-0.0051EAT+10.4}）	0.936 **	4.4	957.2	0.91	689.9	0.54	-1.15	1227.0	-0.74
	SD2	V1	LAI=1169.3/（1+e^{4.96×10-9EAT3-8.13×10-7EAT2-0.0094EAT+11.3}）	0.915 **	3.8	852.4	1.02	649.2	0.63	-1.22	1056.4	-0.79
	SD2	V2	LAI=1303.8/（1+e^{3.91×10-9EAT3-1.59×10-6EAT2-0.0063EAT+10.6}）	0.904 **	3.4	882.4	0.77	647.4	0.46	-0.96	1120.7	-0.62
	SD3	V1	LAI=1149.0/（1+e^{5.69×10-9EAT3-1.57×10-6EAT2-0.0092EAT+11.4}）	0.933 **	3.1	832.2	0.85	635.6	0.52	-1.02	1030.8	-0.66
	SD3	V2	LAI=1592.8/（1+e^{4.93×10-9EAT3-2.00×10-6EAT2-0.0074EAT+11.2}）	0.935 **	2.3	854.4	0.58	641.4	0.35	-0.71	1069.7	-0.46

地点 Place	播期 Sowing date	品种 Variety	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	PAI_M	MR₃ (/(100℃·d))	EAT_M3 (℃·d)	EAT₁ (℃·d)	EAT₂ (℃·d)	∆EAT (℃·d)
大丰 Dafeng	SD1	V1	PAI=2.7/（1+e^{-0.023EAT+19.5}）	0.967**	2.7	1.57	841.8	784.9	898.6	113.7
	SD1	V2	PAI=2.4/（1+e^{-0.020EAT+16.9}）	0.971**	2.4	1.07	839.5	774.1	904.8	130.7
	SD2	V1	PAI=2.3/（1+e^{-0.019EAT+14.8}）	0.962**	2.3	0.78	798.6	727.6	869.6	141.9
	SD2	V2	PAI=2.2/（1+e^{-0.019EAT+15.1}）	0.995**	2.2	1.21	798.4	728.8	868.1	139.4
	SD3	V1	PAI=1.8/（1+e^{-0.018EAT+13.8}）	0.963**	1.8	1.01	778.4	704.3	852.5	148.1
	SD3	V2	PAI=1.8/（1+e^{-0.017EAT+12.4}）	0.984**	1.8	0.74	737.9	659.7	816.1	156.3
南京 Nanjing	SD1	V1	PAI=3.2/（1+e^{-0.012EAT+13.1}）	0.964**	3.2	0.99	1050.8	944.7	1156.8	212.1
	SD1	V2	PAI=3.4/（1+e^{-0.014EAT+14.3}）	0.981**	3.4	0.72	1017.8	923.8	1111.8	188.0
	SD2	V1	PAI=2.5/（1+e^{-0.011EAT+11.3}）	0.99**	2.5	0.48	988.2	872.9	1103.4	230.4
	SD2	V2	PAI=3.2/（1+e^{-0.014EAT+13.9}）	0.927**	3.2	1.18	1007.5	912.2	1102.8	190.6
	SD3	V1	PAI=2.4/（1+e^{-0.008EAT+7.8}）	0.966**	2.4	1.11	986.7	819.8	1153.6	333.8
	SD3	V2	PAI=2.8/（1+e^{-0.013EAT+12.0}）	0.988**	2.8	0.71	915.4	814.9	1015.9	200.9