氮肥后移对高温胁迫下春小麦旗叶生理特性和产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.08.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究氮肥后移对高温胁迫下春小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）旗叶膜脂过氧化作用、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量和产量的影响，筛选缓解春小麦花后高温早衰的科学施肥方法。【方法】2022年3月至2023年9月，以宁3015为试验材料，在宁夏农垦平吉堡农六队试验基地进行试验。采用裂区试验设计，主区为温度，设（25±2）℃（常温RT）和（35±2）℃（高温HT），副区为氮肥运筹。施氮总量一定（300 kg·N·km^-2），2022年设G1（分蘖期30%）、G2（拔节期30%）、G3（孕穗期30%）、G4（抽穗期20%）和G5（灌浆期20%）共5种施肥方式，2023年由前一年试验结果筛选出G1（分蘖期30%）、G3（孕穗期30%）和G5（灌浆期20%）共3个处理。于开花期开始取样，每5天取样一次，测定旗叶膜脂过氧化作用、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质等指标。【结果】连续两年氮肥运筹试验中旗叶的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、脯氨酸（Pro）含量和产量均在G5处理达到最高，丙二醛（MDA）和膜透性均在G5处理下最低，且与G1处理存在显著性差异（P<0.01）。根据皮尔逊（Pearson）相关性分析可知，春小麦籽粒产量和SOD、POD、CAT活性和脯氨酸含量显著正相关（P<0.05），与MDA含量和膜透性显著负相关（P<0.05）。综合评价表明，2022和2023年氮肥运筹的主成分得分排序为G5>G3>G4>G2>G1和G5>G3>G1，两年试验结果趋势一致。【结论】适当的氮肥后移可以降低高温胁迫下春小麦旗叶膜脂过氧化作用，增加抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量，进而增加产量，本试验中灌浆期施氮总量20%的处理较为适宜。

关键词: 春小麦, 氮肥运筹, 高温胁迫, 旗叶, 生理特性, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】The effects of postponing nitrogen fertilizer on membrane lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity, osmotic adjustment substance content in flag leaves and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under high temperature stress were investigated, and the scientific fertilization methods to alleviate high temperature premature senescence of spring wheat after anthesis were screened. 【Method】From 2022 to 2023, Ning 3015 was used as the test material, and the test was carried out in the test base of the sixth team of Pingjipu Agricultural Reclamation in Ningxia. The split-plot experiment design was adopted. The main plot was temperature, with (25±2)℃ (normal temperature, RT) and (35±2)℃ (high temperature, HT), and the sub-plot was nitrogen fertilizer operation. The total amount of nitrogen application was constant, with 300 kg·N·hm^-2: in 2022, G1 (30% of nitrogen application at tillering stage), G2 (30% of nitrogen application at jointing stage), G3 (30% of nitrogen application at booting stage), G4 (20% of nitrogen application at heading stage) and G5 (20% of nitrogen application at filling stage) were set up; in 2023, a total of three fertilization methods, including G1, G3 and G5, were selected from the previous year 's test results. Samples were taken every 5 days from the flowering stage to determine the indexes of membrane lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic adjustment substances in flag leaves. 【Result】Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) activities, proline (Pro) content in flag leaves and yield in two consecutive years of Nitrogen Fertilizer Transportation Experiment (NFTO) reached the highest under the G5 treatment, while malondialdehyde (MDA) and membrane permeability were the lowest under the G5 treatment, which were significantly different from the G1 treatment (P<0.01). According to Pearson's (Pearson) correlation analysis, it was shown that spring wheat grain yield was significantly positively correlated (P<0.05) with SOD, POD, CAT activities and proline content, while it was significantly negatively correlated (P<0.05) with MDA content and membrane permeability. Comprehensive evaluation showed that the ordering of the principal component scores of nitrogen fertilizer transport in 2022 and 2023 was G5>G3>G4>G2>G1 and G5>G3>G1, respectively, and the trend of the results of the two-year test was consistent. 【Conclusion】Appropriate nitrogen fertilizer postponing could reduce the membrane lipid peroxidation of spring wheat flag leaves under high temperature stress, increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of osmotic adjustment substances, and then increase the yield. In this experiment, the treatment of 20% total nitrogen application at filling stage was more suitable.

Key words: spring wheat, nitrogen fertilizer transport, high temperature stress, flag leaf, physiological characteristic, yield

李永飞, 李战魁, 张战胜, 陈永伟, 康建宏, 吴宏亮. 氮肥后移对高温胁迫下春小麦旗叶生理特性和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(8): 1455-1468.

LI YongFei, LI ZhanKui, ZHANG ZhanSheng, CHEN YongWei, KANG JianHong, WU HongLiang. Effects of Postponing Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Flag Leaf Physiological Characteristics and Yield of Spring Wheat Under High Temperature Stress[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(8): 1455-1468.

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处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥追肥量Nitrogen fertilizer application（kg·hm^-2）
处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	苗期 Seedling stage	分蘖期 Tillering period	拔节期 Jointing phase	孕穗期 Booting period	抽穗期 Heading period	灌浆期 Grout period
G1	210.00	（10%）58.50	（30%）176.40	（20%）117.60	（20%）117.60	（10%）58.50	（10%）58.50
G2	210.00	（10%）58.50	（20%）117.60	（30%）176.40	（20%）117.60	（10%）58.50	（10%）58.50
G3	210.00	（10%）58.50	（20%）117.60	（20%）117.60	（30%）176.40	（10%）58.50	（10%）58.50
G4	210.00	（10%）58.50	（20%）117.60	（20%）117.60	（20%）117.60	（20%）117.60	（10%）58.50
G5	210.00	（10%）58.50	（20%）117.60	（20%）117.60	（20%）117.60	（10%）58.50	（20%）117.60
灌溉Irrigation	单次灌溉量Single irrigation volume 450 m³·hm^-2
次数Frequency	0	1	1	2	2	1	1
时间（月/日） Time (month/day)	_	4/5	4/15	4/23	5/9	5/26	6/5
时间（月/日） Time (month/day)	_	4/5	4/15	5/1	5/17	5/26	6/5

变异来源 Source of variation		2022			2023
变异来源 Source of variation		温度 Temperature	施肥方案 Fertilization program	温度×施肥方案 Temperature× fertilization scheme	温度 Temperature	施肥方案 Fertilization program	温度×施肥方案 Temperature× fertilization scheme
SOD	15 d	**	**	**	**	**	NS
POD	15 d	**	**	*	**	**	*
CAT	15 d	**	**	**	**	**	**
MDA	15 d	**	**	*	**	**	**
Pro	15 d	**	**	*	**	**	NS

处理 Treatment			丙二醛含量MDA content (μmol·g^-1)
处理 Treatment			10 d	15 d	20 d
2022	RT	G1	10.29a	11.88a	12.60a
		G2	9.74ab	11.18ab	11.80ab
		G3	8.72bc	10.14bc	10.61bc
		G4	8.94bc	10.33bc	10.85bc
		G5	7.96c	9.18c	9.44c
	HT	G1	10.29a	13.92a	15.04a
		G2	9.74ab	12.86b	13.86b
		G3	8.72bc	11.52c	12.20c
		G4	8.94bc	11.76c	12.53c
		G5	7.96c	10.12d	10.57d
2023	RT	G1	11.76a	13.13a	14.99a
		G3	10.77ab	12.17b	13.80b
		G5	9.93b	11.61b	12.73c
	HT	G1	11.76a	15.31 a	16.34a
		G3	10.77ab	13.77ab	14.86b
		G5	9.93b	12.86b	13.50c