施钾对夏花生产量、品质及光温生理特性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.07.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究不同施钾水平对夏花生产量、品质及生育期钾素积累动态、光温生理特性和根系形态的影响，为花生合理施钾提供科学依据。【方法】2021—2022年在河南省温县进行钾肥用量田间试验，供试品种为豫花22，设施钾量0（K0）、45 kg·hm^-2（K45）、90 kg·hm^-2（K90）、135 kg·hm^-2（K135）和180 kg·hm^-2（K180）5个处理，于成熟期测定夏花生荚果产量和品质，并分别于苗期、花针期、结荚期、饱果期测定叶片SPAD值、冠层光合有效辐射和冠层温度，分析植株钾积累量和根系形态。【结果】随施钾量增加，两年度花生荚果产量可分别用“线性+平台”和“一元二次方程”拟合，适宜施钾量分别为164和135 kg·hm^-2，施钾处理平均增产17%。成熟期籽粒粗蛋白、含油量和氨基酸含量均随施钾量增加呈先升高后趋于稳定趋势。与不施钾相比，施钾处理籽粒粗蛋白、含油量和氨基酸含量两年度平均增幅分别为7.85%、3.98%和13.97%，效果显著。运用Logistic方程对夏花生钾素积累量进行非线性回归拟合，得出施钾主要提高了花生钾素最大积累速率（Vmax）和平均积累速率（Vmean），推迟吸收峰值的出现（Tmax），延长快速积累期（Δt）与活跃积累期（Taas），促进夏花生持续快速生长发育。此外，各生育时期冠层最高温、最低温与平均温度均随施钾量的增加显著降低；施钾135 kg·hm^-2可显著增加花生叶片SPAD值与冠层光合有效辐射量（APAR）和分量（FPAR），并对根系形态具有积极影响。【结论】合理施钾可显著提高夏花生产量、改善品质、促进钾素积累利用并显著改善生育期光温生理性能。本试验条件下夏花生推荐施钾量为135—160 kg·hm^-2。

关键词: 夏花生, 施钾量, 产量, 品质, 冠层温度

Abstract:

【Objective】The effects of different potassium levels on the yield and quality of summer peanuts at the maturity stage, the dynamics of potassium accumulation at the growth stage, physiological characteristics of light and temperature, and root morphology were explored to provide a scientific basis for rational application of potassium in peanut. 【Method】A field experiment was conducted in Wen County, Henan Province, from 2021 to 2022. The peanut cultivar of Yuhua 22 was used as test material, and 5 potassium fertilizer treatments was set, including 0 (K0), 45 (K45), 90 (K90), 135 (K135) and 180 (K180) kg·hm^-2. The yield and quality indexes of summer peanut pods were determined at the maturity stage. Leaf SPAD value, canopy photosynthetically active radiation and canopy temperature were measured at the seedling stage, flowering-pegging stage, pod-setting stage and pod-filling stage, respectively. The potassium accumulation in plants and root morphology were analyzed too. 【Result】With the increase of potassium application rate, the pod yield of peanut in 2 years could be fitted by “linear + platforms trends” and “quadratic equation with one variable”, respectively, and the appropriate potassium application rate was 164 and 135 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Potassium application increased yield by 17% on average. The content of crude protein, oil and amino acid in grain at maturity showed a trend of “first increasing and then stabilizing” with the increase of potassium application. Compared with no potassium application, the average increase of crude protein, oil and amino acid contents in grain under potassium application was 7.85%, 3.98% and 13.97%, respectively. The Logistic equation was applied to the nonlinear regression fitting of potassium accumulation in summer peanuts. The results showed that potassium application mainly increased the maximum accumulation rate (Vmax) and average accumulation rate (Vmean), delayed the occurrence of peak absorption (Tmax), and prolonged the rapid accumulation period (Δt) and active accumulation period (Taas) to promote the sustainable and rapid growth of summer peanuts. In addition, the maximum, minimum and mean canopy temperatures decreased significantly with increasing potassium application at all fertility stages. Compared with K0, 135 kg hm^-2 treatment significantly increased the leaf SPAD value and canopy photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and component (FPAR) of peanut and had a positive effect on root morphology. The utilization efficiency of potassium fertilizer decreased gradually with the increase of potassium application. 【Conclusion】Reasonable application of potassium could significantly improve the yield and quality of summer peanut, promote the accumulation and utilization of potassium, and significantly improve the physiological properties of light and temperature during the growth period. The recommended potassium application amount of summer peanuts under this test condition was 135-160 kg·hm^-2.

Key words: summer peanut, potassium application rate, yield, quality, canopy temperature

杨启睿, 李岚涛, 张潇, 张倩, 张银杰, 张铎, 王宜伦. 施钾对夏花生产量、品质及光温生理特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(7): 1335-1349.

YANG QiRui, LI LanTao, ZHANG Xiao, ZHANG Qian, ZHANG YinJie, ZHANG Duo, WANG YiLun. Effects of Potassium Application Dosage on Yield, Quality and Light Temperature Physiological Characteristics of Summer Peanut[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(7): 1335-1349.

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地点 Site	年份 Year	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Available N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
武德镇 Wude town	2021	7.45	18.79	98.2	15.6	130.5
赵堡镇 Zhaobao town	2022	7.24	16.80	74.1	14.2	132.6

年份 Year	施钾量 K₂O rate (kg·hm^-2)	粗蛋白含量 Protein content (%)	含油量 Oil content (%)	氨基酸含量 Amino content (%)
2021	0	20.57±2.28a	43.35±0.90b	16.96±1.71b
	45	20.91±2.15a	45.91±1.21a	18.67±2.03b
	90	22.28±0.59a	46.18±0.26a	19.98±0.60a
	135	22.64±1.15a	46.26±0.17a	20.48±1.10a
	180	22.24±1.85a	45.93±1.29a	20.20±1.50a
2022	0	18.81±0.09b	53.51±0.12b	16.26±0.78b
	45	18.98±0.65ab	53.66±0.05ab	16.69±0.65ab
	90	18.92±0.31ab	53.68±0.25ab	16.77±0.93ab
	135	19.53±0.78ab	54.18±0.47a	17.43±0.58ab
	180	19.77±0.24a	53.61±0.29b	17.74±0.37a

年份 Year	施钾量 K₂O rate (kg·hm^-2)	油酸含量 Oleic content (%)	亚油酸含量 Linoleic content (%)	油酸/ 亚油酸含量 O/L	棕榈酸含量 Palmitic content (%)	山嵛酸含量 Behenic content (%)	硬脂酸含量 Stearic content (%)	花生酸含量 Arachidonic content (%)	木蜡酸含量 Lignoceric content (%)
2021	0	33.71±0.82a	43.46±0.77bc	0.78±0.02ab	12.62±0.42b	2.44±0.08ab	2.41±0.24a	1.07±0.02bc	1.26±0.03a
	45	33.51±1.49a	44.81±1.97c	0.75±0.08a	12.42±0.45b	2.28±0.14b	2.33±0.40a	1.02±0.06c	1.20±0.04b
	90	33.41±0.81a	45.48±1.34bc	0.74±0.04a	12.71±0.25b	2.42±0.07ab	2.71±0.16a	1.06±0.02bc	1.22±0.01ab
	135	33.43±0.64a	45.92±2.25ab	0.73±0.05a	12.78±0.48ab	2.47±0.08a	2.73±0.12a	1.13±0.07ab	1.20±0.01b
	180	32.87±0.93a	46.43±0.96a	0.71±0.02b	13.43±0.07a	2.52±0.05a	2.75±0.04a	1.17±0.06a	1.25±0.04ab
2022	0	32.87±0.90a	45.23±0.68c	0.73±0.03a	12.09±0.24a	2.26±0.12a	2.08±0.05b	1.09±0.03b	1.22±0.01ab
	45	32.39±0.68a	45.33±0.23bc	0.71±0.02ab	12.28±0.28a	2.37±0.16a	2.28±0.17ab	1.12±0.03b	1.24±0.01a
	90	32.62±0.17a	45.40±0.46bc	0.72±0.01ab	12.19±0.21a	2.26±0.14a	2.12±0.11b	1.09±0.02b	1.22±0.01ab
	135	32.14±0.44a	46.23±0.45ab	0.70±0.02ab	12.36±0.32a	2.38±0.12a	2.34±0.14ab	1.17±0.03a	1.21±0.01b
	180	32.07±0.75a	46.53±0.47a	0.69±0.02b	12.55±0.26a	2.45±0.06a	2.49±0.20a	1.13±0.01ab	1.24±0.02a

年份 Year	组分 Component	施钾量 K₂O rate (kg·hm^-2)
年份 Year	组分 Component	0	45	90	135	180
2021	苯丙氨酸Phenylalanine	1.11±0.05a	1.06±0.10a	1.12±0.03a	1.15±0.05a	1.14±0.07a
	蛋氨酸Methionine	0.23±0.02a	0.20±0.02b	0.22±0.01ab	0.24±0.01a	0.23±0.01a
	赖氨酸Lysine	0.95±0.03a	0.93±0.05a	0.95±0.04a	0.96±0.02a	0.98±0.04a
	亮氨酸Leucine	1.30±0.04a	1.19±0.03b	1.34±0.04a	1.32±0.07a	1.30±0.05a
	异亮氨酸Isoleucine	0.59±0.03a	0.62±0.01a	0.63±0.02a	0.63±0.03a	0.60±0.03a
	组氨酸Histidine	0.70±0.03b	0.70±0.02ab	0.69±0.01b	0.73±0.02ab	0.73±0.01a
	苏氨酸Threonine	0.75±0.06a	0.75±0.07a	0.78±0.04a	0.77±0.05a	0.74±0.07a
	缬氨酸Valine	0.77±0.03a	0.77±0.06a	0.81±0.02a	0.80±0.03a	0.79±0.03a
	脯氨酸Proline	0.93±0.04b	0.96±0.03ab	0.92±0.02b	1.00±0.04a	0.97±0.05ab
	精氨酸Arginine	2.25±0.07a	2.28±0.07a	2.37±0.13a	2.39±0.05a	2.36±0.05a
2022	苯丙氨酸Phenylalanine	0.91±0.07a	0.95±0.07a	0.90±0.06a	0.96±0.04a	0.99±0.02a
	蛋氨酸Methionine	0.16±0.01ab	0.17±0.01ab	0.16±0.01b	0.16±0.01ab	0.18±0.01a
	赖氨酸Lysine	0.79±0.03a	0.79±0.04a	0.77±0.02a	0.79±0.02a	0.81±0.03a
	亮氨酸Leucine	1.13±0.04b	1.16±0.01ab	1.11±0.03b	1.20±0.04a	1.22±0.03a
	异亮氨酸Isoleucine	0.53±0.02bc	0.55±0.02ab	0.52±0.01c	0.56±0.02a	0.57±0.01a
	组氨酸Histidine	0.61±0.01a	0.62±0.01a	0.61±0.01a	0.62±0.01a	0.63±0.01a
	苏氨酸Threonine	0.68±0.01a	0.69±0.02a	0.68±0.01a	0.68±0.03a	0.68±0.03a
	缬氨酸Valine	0.71±0.02a	0.73±0.03a	0.70±0.04a	0.74±0.03a	0.75±0.01a
	脯氨酸Proline	0.85±0.02a	0.85±0.03a	0.87±0.02a	0.87±0.05a	0.88±0.02a
	精氨酸Arginine	1.90±0.03b	1.94±0.07ab	1.90±0.03b	1.96±0.03ab	2.00±0.04a

施钾量 K₂O rate (kg·hm^-2)	回归方程 Regression equation	Ym (kg·hm^-2)	Vmax (kg·hm^-2·d^-1)	Vmean (kg·hm^-2·d^-1)	t₁ (d)	t₂ (d)	Δt (d)	Taas (d)	Tmax (d)	R²
0	y=52.0281/(1+286.919e^-0.115364^x)	52.03	1.50	1.00	37.64	60.47	22.83	52.01	49.06	0.97
45	y=65.147/(1+174.269e^-0.103568^x)	65.15	1.69	1.12	37.11	62.54	25.43	57.93	49.83	0.99
90	y=80.5914/(1+107.1254e^-0.09606^x)	80.59	1.94	1.29	34.95	62.37	27.42	62.46	48.66	0.99
135	y=93.2295/(1+112.6066e^-0.098113^x)	93.23	2.29	1.52	34.72	61.57	26.85	61.15	48.15	0.99
180	y=83.1302/(1+135.2466e^-0.103454^x)	83.13	2.15	1.43	34.70	60.16	25.46	58.00	47.43	0.99