不同施氮量对土壤团聚体碳氮含量及小麦产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.09.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究长期不同施氮量对土壤团聚体碳氮含量及小麦产量的影响,为合理施氮提供理论依据。【方法】基于设置在河南省许昌市张潘镇4个不同施氮水平11年定位试验，施氮量分别为0（N0）、180 kg·hm^-2（N1）、240 kg·hm^-2（N2）及300 kg·hm^-2（N3），分析不同处理土壤碳氮含量、团聚体分布及其碳氮含量的变化，并探寻长期施氮对小麦产量及其构成的调控路径。【结果】随着施氮量增加，各土层土壤团聚体分布呈现大团聚体（>0.25 mm）向微团聚体（0.053—0.25 mm）和粉黏粒组分（<0.053 mm）转化的趋势，显著降低了团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）。土壤碳、氮含量在0—20 cm土层随施氮量增加而逐渐上升，20—40 cm土层呈先升高后降低趋势。与N0相比，0—20 cm土层各施氮处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量的平均增幅分别为13.1%—37.2%和19.4%—29.4%；20—40 cm土层的平均增幅分别为15.3%—32.2%和6.1%—29.3%。长期施氮处理显著提高了各粒级团聚体有机碳含量，与N0相比，施氮处理大团聚体有机碳平均含量提高31.6%—62.0%，微团聚体提高8.7%—61.2%，粉黏粒提高14.0%—81.7%。在0—20 cm土层，各粒级团聚体全氮含量亦随施氮量增加而增加，各施氮处理大团聚体、微团聚体和粉黏粒中全氮含量平均增幅分别为32.6%—51.0%、25.7%—35.9%和3.2%—9.7%，且均以N3处理最高。在20—40 cm土层，各粒级团聚体全氮含量随施氮量增加呈先升高后降低趋势，各施氮处理大团聚体、微团聚体和粉黏粒全氮含量平均增幅分别为17.6%—35.2%、11.7%—24.0%和1.1%—12.9%，且均以N1处理最高。研究结果还表明，长期施氮显著增加了小麦成穗数和穗粒数，进而提高了产量。与N0相比，N1、N2和N3处理分别提高小麦产量188.1%、177.3%和173.2%。相关分析与结构方程模型分析表明，小麦产量与土壤碳、氮含量及团聚体中碳、氮含量均呈显著正相关，长期施氮通过改变土壤及团聚体中碳、氮含量进而影响小麦产量。【结论】综上，长期合理施氮提高了土壤及团聚体中碳、氮含量，提升了土壤肥力，促进小麦增产。在本试验条件下以施氮量180 kg·hm^-2时最优。

关键词: 氮肥施用量, 土壤团聚体, 碳、氮含量, 小麦产量

Abstract:

【Objective】The influence mechanism of varying nitrogen (N) rates on the carbon (C) and N content of soil aggregate, as well as wheat yield were investigated in this study, so as to provide a scientific basis for the rational application of N fertilizer.【Method】The 11-year experiment was conducted in Zhangpan Town, Xuchang City, Henan Province, with four different N levels, including 0 (N0), 180 kg·hm^-2 (N1), 240 kg·hm^-2 (N2), and 300 kg·hm^-2 (N3). The study systematically analyzed changes in soil carbon and nitrogen content, cluster distribution and their carbon and nitrogen content in different soil layers as a result of long-term N application, and investigated the regulatory pathways of long-term N application on wheat yield and its composition.【Result】There was a transformation in the composition of soil aggregates in every soil layer, specifically from larger macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) to microaggregates (0.25-0.053 mm) and silt and clay particles (<0.053 mm), as well as an increase in N rate. Additionally, the application of N resulted in a significant decrease in the mean weight diameter (MWD). As N application rates increase, the C and N content of the soil increased in the 0-20 cm layer, the C and N content of the soil in the 20-40 cm soil layer showed the trend to increase at first and then decrease. Compared with the N0 treatment, N application increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) content by 13.1%-37.2% and 19.4%-29.4% in the 0-20 cm layer and by 15.3%-32.2% and 6.1%-29.3% in the 20-40 cm layer, respectively. The N treatment significantly increased the SOC content of each particle size aggregates compared with N0 treatment, with the SOC content of macroaggregates increasing by 31.6%-62.0%, the SOC content of microaggregates increasing by 8.7%-61.2% and the SOC content of silt and clay increasing by 14.0%-81.7%. As N application rates increased, the STN content of the soil increased in the 0-20 cm layer. With the STN content of macroaggregates increasing by 32.6%-51.0%, the STN content of microaggregates increased by 25.7%-35.9% and the STN content of silt and clay increased by 3.2%-9.7%, the N3 treatment had the highest STN content of all particle size aggregates. In the 20-40 cm soil layer, the STN content of all particle size aggregates tended to increase at first and then decrease. With the STN content of macroaggregates increasing by 17.6%-35.2%, the STN content of microaggregates increased by 11.7%-24.0% and the STN content of silt and clay increased by 1.1%-12.9%, and the N1 treatment had the highest STN content of all particle size aggregates. The study results indicated that long-term nitrogen application had a significant impact on the spike number and grain number per spike in wheat, resulting in increased yield. Compared with the N0 treatment, the application of N1, N2, and N3 treatments resulted in a significant increase in wheat yield, with improvements of 188.1%, 177.3%, and 173.2%, respectively. The correlation and structural equation modelling analyses revealed a significant and positive correlation between wheat yield and soil carbon and nitrogen content, as well as carbon and nitrogen content in aggregates. Additionally, the long-term application of nitrogen was found to influence wheat yield formation by affecting carbon and nitrogen content in microaggregates.【Conclusion】In summary, the application of nitrogen over a long period of time raised the content of carbon and nitrogen in both soil and aggregates, enhanced soil fertility, ultimately promoting wheat yield. The optimal nitrogen application rate was 180 kg·hm^-2under the condition of this experiment.

Key words: nitrogen application rates, soil aggregates, content of carbon and nitrogen, wheat yield

韩潇杰, 任志杰, 李双静, 田培培, 卢素豪, 马耕, 王丽芳, 马冬云, 赵亚南, 王晨阳. 不同施氮量对土壤团聚体碳氮含量及小麦产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(9): 1766-1778.

HAN XiaoJie, REN ZhiJie, LI ShuangJing, TIAN PeiPei, LU SuHao, MA Geng, WANG LiFang, MA DongYun, ZHAO YaNan, WANG ChenYang. Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Rates on Carbon and Nitrogen Content of Soil Aggregates and Wheat Yield[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(9): 1766-1778.

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处理 Treatment	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)
N0	16.43	0.66	27.88	21.53	157.45
N1	18.58	0.79	37.48	23.69	168.73
N2	18.90	0.80	34.18	23.51	166.63
N3	22.54	0.86	35.20	22.94	164.80

土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatment	土壤团聚体质量百分比Mass percentage of soil aggregates (%)			平均重量直径 MWD (mm)
土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatment	>0.25 mm	0.053-0.25 mm	<0.053 mm	平均重量直径 MWD (mm)
0-20	N0	23.89±0.85a	48.63±0.40a	27.48±1.15b	1.31±0.04a
	N1	16.48±1.45b	50.85±2.96a	32.67±2.49a	0.94±0.07b
	N2	16.30±0.19b	49.89±1.43a	33.81±1.39a	0.93±0.01b
	N3	15.62±1.12b	48.27±1.29a	36.11±1.77a	0.89±0.06b
20-40	N0	13.69±1.24a	58.52±1.58a	27.79±0.37d	0.81±0.06a
	N1	9.62±0.61b	58.24±2.16a	32.14±1.57c	0.60±0.03b
	N2	7.61±1.14c	57.11±1.70a	35.28±2.84b	0.50±0.06c
	N3	5.02±0.18d	55.68±0.15a	39.30±0.33a	0.36±0.01d

土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatment	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)
土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatment	>0.25 mm	0.053-0.25 mm	<0.053 mm
0-20	N0	32.57±1.22a	44.94±0.37c	22.49±1.34b
	N1	24.08±0.13b	52.43±1.50a	23.49±1.37ab
	N2	25.77±0.60b	52.46±1.50a	22.58±0.93b
	N3	25.56±1.77b	48.57±0.96b	25.88±1.04a
20-40	N0	23.15±0.92a	60.15±0.98a	16.70±0.62b
	N1	16.69±1.61b	56.02±4.65a	27.29±3.18a
	N2	15.43±2.69b	57.36±2.04a	27.21±4.14a
	N3	11.26±0.88c	60.49±0.67a	28.25±1.54a

土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatment	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)
土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatment	>0.25 mm	0.053-0.25 mm	<0.053 mm
0-20	N0	27.23±1.52a	48.54±2.74a	24.23±2.44a
	N1	21.04±2.34b	53.99±3.82a	24.96±1.48a
	N2	21.49±0.39b	52.17±2.56a	26.34±2.82a
	N3	21.12±1.78b	51.55±1.84a	27.33±0.72a
20-40	N0	19.24±0.59a	58.51±1.44a	22.25±1.34c
	N1	15.29±0.93b	60.41±1.90a	24.30±1.82bc
	N2	11.78±1.25c	60.04±2.36a	28.18±3.46ab
	N3	8.73±0.43d	60.85±0.31a	30.42±0.74a

处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)
N0	238.89±5.09c	30.17±0.93b	48.00±0.72a	3869.60±118.72c
N1	664.38±5.54a	36.30±0.56a	44.33±0.32bc	11149.91±173.55a
N2	655.63±11.43a	35.83±0.15a	44.93±0.38b	10731.06±110.54b
N3	631.88±8.51b	35.60±1.15a	43.70±0.56c	10571.96±56.33b