引黄灌区连续减施化肥对春小麦产量稳定性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.03.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探索宁夏引黄灌区连续减施化肥对土壤氮、磷、钾养分供应及春小麦产量的影响，并分析影响产量稳定性的因素，为化肥合理减施、春小麦高产稳产提供理论依据。【方法】以宁春4号春小麦为供试作物，2019—2022年连续4年开展化肥减施田间定位试验，试验设置常规施肥（CF，N 270 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅150 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 75 kg·hm^-2）、减量施肥下限（RF1，N 180 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 45 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 30 kg·hm^-2，与传统施肥相比减N 33.3%、减P₂O₅ 70.0%、减K₂O 60.0%）、减量施肥上限（RF2，N 225 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅75 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 45 kg·hm^-2，与传统施肥相比减N 17.0%、减P₂O₅50.0%、减K₂O 40.0%）及不施肥（CK）处理，分析春小麦生育期间气候因素，播前土壤水分含量，播前和收获期土壤矿质态氮、速效磷、速效钾含量，收获期春小麦地上部干物质累积量、籽粒产量及产量构成因素的差异及相互关系。【结果】2019-2022年播前土壤水分含量存在年际差异，其中2022年的较低，平均值仅为19.5%；除2020年受施肥处理显著影响外，其余年份各施肥处理之间无显著差异。播前和收获期土壤矿质态氮、速效钾和速效磷含量均以常规施肥（CF）处理较高，RF2处理次之，且两者之间无显著差异，而RF1处理的趋于降低。2019年，地上部干物质累积量和产量均以CF处理最高，分别为23 261.7和9 449.0 kg·hm^-2，较RF2处理增幅分别为2.8%—4.5%和3.2%—16.0%，而2020—2022年均以RF2处理较高，但与CF处理之间无显著差异，且4年籽粒产量表现最稳定；从年际变化来看，所有施肥处理的公顷穗数、千粒重、产量均呈逐年下降的趋势，因此施肥量并不是造成产量年际差异的主要原因，而是与播前土壤水分、降水量、气温、湿度和风速有密切关系，其中2022年产量的降低主要与较低的播前土壤水分、灌浆期的干热风现象及氮肥基追比的改变有关。【结论】宁夏引黄灌区连续适量减施化肥（N 225 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 45 kg·hm^-2，相对常规施肥减N 17.0%，减P₂O₅ 50.0%，减K₂O 40.0%）不会显著降低土壤氮、磷、钾的供应能力，且一定程度上提高了春小麦公顷穗数、穗粒数和千粒重，促进地上部干物质量向籽粒的转移和积累，从而趋于提高春小麦的籽粒产量。但是，春小麦产量受降雨、风速、湿度等气候因素和土壤墒情、连作障碍、氮肥追施比等的影响而存在年际差异，其中，气温、相对湿度和风速是影响小麦产量差异的主要因素，其对施肥效果的影响需做进一步研究。

关键词: 春小麦, 连续减施化肥, 土壤速效养分, 干物质量, 产量稳定性, 宁夏引黄灌区

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this study was to explore the effects of continuous reduction of chemical fertilizer on supply of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and grain yield of spring wheat in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia (NYRIA), and to analyze the factors affecting yield stability, and then to provide a theoretical basis for rational fertilizer reduction and high yield and stable yield of spring wheat. 【Method】The field positioning experiment of chemical fertilizer reduction application was carried out for four consecutive years from 2019 to 2022, with Ningchun 4 of spring wheat cultivar as the test crop. The field treatments included conventional fertilization (CF with N 270 kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅150 kg·hm^-2, K₂O 75 kg·hm^-2), the lower limit of reduced fertilization (RF1) with N180 kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅45 kg·hm^-2, and K₂O 30 kg·hm^-2 (which reduced N, P₂O₅, and K₂O by 33.3%, 70.0%, and 60.0%, respectively, compared with conventional fertilization), the upper limit of fertilization reduction (RF2) with N 225 kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅75 kg·hm^-2, K₂O 45 kg·hm^-2 (which reduced N, P₂O₅, K₂O by 17.0%, 50.0%, 40.0%, respectively, compared with traditional fertilization), and no fertilization (CK). The climatic factors during the growth period of spring wheat, soil moisture content before sowing and harvest of spring wheat, soil mineral nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium content, dry matter accumulation in shoot, grain yield and yield components of spring wheat at harvest were analyzed, and correlations among them were also discussed. 【Result】The soil moisture content before sowing were inter-annual differences in 2019-2022, among which the average was only 19.5% in 2022; the soil moisture content before sowing was significantly affected by fertilization treatment in 2020, there was no significant difference of soil moisture content before sowing between fertilization treatments in other years. The content of mineral nitrogen, available potassium and available phosphorus in the soil before sowing and harvesting were higher under conventional fertilization CF treatment, followed by RF2 treatment; there was no significant difference between them, while which of the RF1 treatment tended to decrease. In 2019, the CF treatment had the highest accumulation of dry matter in shoot and grain yield, which was 23 261.7 kg·hm^-2 and 9 449.0 kg·hm^-2, respectively, and had an increase of 2.8%-4.5% and 3.2%-16.0% compared with the RF2 treatment. However, from 2020 to 2022, the RF2 treatment had the highest accumulation of dry matter in shoot and grain yield, and there was no significant difference between the RF2 treatment and the CF treatment, but the yield of RF2 treatment performed the most stable at 4 years. From the perspective of inter-annual changes, the number of ears, 1000 grain weights and yields of hectares for all treatments showed a downward trend year by year, so the fertilization rate was not the main reason for the inter-annual difference in grain yield, but which was closely related to soil moisture before sowing, precipitation, temperature, humidity and wind speed. The decrease in yield in 2022 was accompanied by a lower soil moisture before sowing, hot dry air phenomenon during the filling period and a change in the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio. 【Conclusion】 In NYRIA, continuous and appropriate reduced application of chemical fertilizer with N 225 kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅75 kg·hm^-2, K₂O 45 kg·hm^-2 would not significantly reduce the supply capacity of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and increase the number of ears, ear grains and 1000 grain weights in the hectares of spring wheat, and promote the transfer and accumulation of dry matter in shoot to grains to a certain extent, then tend to increase the grain yield of spring wheat. However, there were interannual differences in spring wheat yield due to climate factors, such as rainfall, wind speed, and humidity, as well as soil moisture, continuous cropping obstacles, and nitrogen fertilizer application ratios. Among them, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were the main factors affecting interannual variation of wheat yield, and their impact on fertilization effects needed further research.

Key words: spring wheat, continuous reduction of fertilizer application, soil available nutrients, dry matter mass, yield stability, Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia

王月梅, 田海梅, 王西娜, 郝雯悦, 吕喆铭, 于金铭, 谭军利, 王朝辉. 引黄灌区连续减施化肥对春小麦产量稳定性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(3): 539-554.

WANG YueMei, TIAN HaiMei, WANG XiNa, HAO WenYue, LÜ ZheMing, YU JinMing, TAN JunLi, WANG ZhaoHui. Effect of Continuous Reduction of Fertilizer Application on Yield Stability of Spring Wheat in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(3): 539-554.

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月份 Month	年份 Year	平均气温 Average temperature (℃)	平均相对湿度 Average relative humidity (%)	月降水量 Monthly precipitation (mm)	平均风速 Average wind speed (m·s^-1)
2月 February	2019	-1.69	41.13	0	1.73
	2020	0.84	36.94	0	1.42
	2021	2.39	39.61	3.30	2.91
	2022	2.42	35.48	0	2.79
	平均值 Average	0.99	38.29	0.83	2.21
3月 March	2019	6.21	31.81	0	1.77
	2020	7.47	29.55	0	1.74
	2021	7.02	45.68	25.50	2.37
	2022	8.64	51.6	1.30	2.79
	平均值Average	7.34	39.66	6.70	2.17
4月 April	2019	15.98	32.15	9.10	2.01
	2020	13.17	21.85	0.60	1.77
	2021	11.76	51.3	13.60	2.64
	2022	15.25	52.38	3.20	2.55
	平均值Average	14.04	39.42	6.63	2.24
5月 May	2019	17.76	39.1	11.40	1.78
	2020	17.36	33.79	8.60	1.88
	2021	18.47	37.94	22.40	2.65
	2022	19.49	36.96	5.50	2.25
	平均值Average	18.27	36.95	11.98	2.14
6月 June	2019	22.61	54.63	100.60	1.76
	2020	23.91	52.15	42.10	1.62
	2021	22.86	50.23	12.10	2.08
	2022	24.74	45.73	22.40	1.88
	平均值Average	23.53	50.69	44.30	1.84
7月 July	2019	24.66	51.62	5.30	1.61
	2020	25.30	50.87	17.6	1.69
	2021	25.93	55.19	0.90	1.85
	2022	26.34	61.78	37.70	1.77
	平均值Average	18.97	54.87	15.38	1.73

年份 Year	施肥方式 Fertilization treatment	施肥时间 Fertilization time
2019	基施Base application (60%)	3月2日March 2
	第1次追施First top-dressing (24%)	4月25日April 25
	第2次追施Second top-dressing (16%)	5月15日May 15
2020	基施Base application(60%)	2月26日February 26
	第1次追施First top-dressing (24%)	4月27日 April 27
	第2次追施Second top-dressing (16%)	5月15日May 15
2021	基施Base application (60%)	3月2日March 2
	第1次追施First top-dressing (24%)	4月26日May 26
	第2次追施Second top-dressing (16%)	5月14日May 14
2022	基施Base application (40%)	3月5日March 5
	第1次追施First top dressing (30%)	4月15日April 15
	第2次追施Second top-dressing (18%)	4月30日April 30
	第3次追施Third top-dressing (12%)	5月15日May 15

年份 Year	播种时间 Sowing time	收获时间 Harvest time	灌水日期 Irrigation date				除草时间 Weeding time	除虫时间Disinfestation time	冬灌时间 Winter irrigation time	土壤采样时间 Soil sampling time
年份 Year	播种时间 Sowing time	收获时间 Harvest time	第一次First	第二次Second	第三次Third	第四次 Fourth	除草时间 Weeding time	除虫时间Disinfestation time	冬灌时间 Winter irrigation time	播前 Before sowing	收获期 Harvest stage
2019	March 3	July 10	April 26	May 16	June 25	-	April 20	June 10	Early November 2018	March 4	July 12
2020	February 27	July 10	April 27	May 16	June 25	-	April 20	June 10	Early November 2019	February 25	July 14
2021	March 3	July 8	April 27	May 15	May 30	June 24	April 21	June 10	Early November 2020	March 1	July 11
2022	March 6	July 5	April 27	May 14	May 30	June 24	April 10 and May 10	June 11	Early November 2021	March 4	July 10

试验处理 Test treatment	年份 Year
试验处理 Test treatment	2019	2020	2021	2022
CK	24.08±2.95aAB	25.07±1.57abA	25.07±2.24aA	19.51±0.30aB
CF	24.08±2.95aAB	26.28±0.84aA	22.69±0.74aB	21.10±1.92aB
RF1	24.08±2.95aA	24.57±0.941abA	23.83±0.75aA	18.81±0.50aB
RF2	24.08±2.95aA	23.32±0.98bA	21.21±0.16aB	18.48±0.54aB
平均值Average	24.08A	24.81A	23.20A	19.48B

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	公顷穗数 Ears per hectare（×10⁴·hm^-2）	千粒重 1 000 grain weight (g)	穗粒数 Number of grains per spike
2019	CK	616.28±8.45b	43.52±2.50a	29.97±1.47b
	CF	861.28±10.98a	42.96±1.23a	32.22±0.10ab
	RF1	713.34±11.01ab	41.57±0.14a	32.94±0.42a
	RF2	848.90±12.10a	42.21±0.51a	34.62±2.59a
	平均值 Average	714.95±116.89A	42.57±0.85 B	32.24±1.93A
2020	CK	604.12±9.27b	47.93±1.63a	19.03±3.06b
	CF	798.43±16.92a	47.64±2.52a	28.64±2.89ab
	RF1	709.62±12.82a	46.72±1.24a	33.83±3.18a
	RF2	813.74±8.76a	48.81±0.89a	35.62±3.21a
	平均值 Average	731.48±96.52A	47.77±0.86 A	29.28±7.45A
2021	CK	507.03±1.81b	45.01±3.51a	19.13±2.03b
	CF	671.70±13.51a	40.01±2.03a	35.50±0.89a
	RF1	669.48±28.37a	40.92±2.00a	32.82±1.73a
	RF2	674.14±21.22a	42.58±2.55a	37.10±1.86a
	平均值 Average	630.59±82.39B	42.13±2.19B	31.14±8.20A
2022	CK	489.67±8.91b	32.67±1.65b	20.19±0.68c
	CF	643.37±13.21a	33.81±1.40ab	36.67±2.10ab
	RF1	627.18±9.81a	31.20±0.91b	32.38±0.56b
	RF2	658.91±10.71a	38.00±1.51a	39.77±1.29a
	平均值 Average	604.78±77.83B	33.92±2.29C	32.25±8.59A