不同控释氮素比例对夏玉米叶片衰老和籽粒灌浆特性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.18.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】及时有效地供应氮素可以延缓叶片衰老，改善籽粒灌浆特性，提高玉米产量。研究不同控氮比例控释肥对夏玉米衰老特性、籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响，探究适合黄淮海地区夏玉米生产的适宜控氮比例，为黄淮海地区夏玉米种肥同播技术提供科学依据。【方法】2019—2021年，选用中早熟品种登海518（DH518）和中晚熟品种登海605（DH605）为试验材料。氮肥类型为控释尿素和普通尿素掺混、普通尿素。设置10%（T1）、20%（T2）、30%（T3）、40%（T4）和50%（T5）5个控氮比例处理，以普通尿素（CK）处理为对照，探讨不同控氮比控释肥对夏玉米衰老特性和籽粒灌浆特性的影响。【结果】不同控氮比控释肥可以显著提高夏玉米产量，其中，30%控氮比的控释肥效果最佳。与普通尿素相比，不同控氮比控释肥均可显著增加叶面积指数（LAI）和叶片SPAD值，提高叶片抗氧化酶活性，改善籽粒灌浆特性。控氮比为30%的控释肥较其他处理显著提高夏玉米生育后期叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性，降低叶片丙二醛（MDA）积累量，延缓叶片衰老；显著提高灌浆速率最大时的生长量（W_max）、最大灌浆速率（G_max）和灌浆活跃期（P）天数，提高成熟期籽粒脱水速率，改善籽粒灌浆特性；从而增加籽粒干物质积累，提高籽粒千粒重，进而提高产量。相关性分析表明，产量与W_max、G_max呈显著正相关关系。W_max和G_max与SOD、POD活性呈显著正相关关系，而与MDA含量呈显著负相关关系；籽粒脱水速率和籽粒灌浆速率与叶片SOD、CAT活性呈极显著正相关，与叶片MDA含量呈极显著负相关；籽粒含水量与叶片SOD、CAT活性呈极显著负相关，与叶片MDA含量呈极显著正相关。因此，施用控释肥可以通过提高叶片抗氧化酶活性，显著改善籽粒灌浆特性，从而提高夏玉米产量。两品种叶片衰老特性、籽粒灌浆特性和产量等对于不同比例控释肥的响应基本一致，均为控氮比30%的控释肥效果最佳。【结论】控释氮肥可显著提高叶片抗氧化酶活性，延缓叶片衰老，改善籽粒灌浆特性，从而提高玉米产量，其中，控释氮素30%增产效果最好。

关键词: 夏玉米, 控释肥, 控氮比, 籽粒灌浆特性, 衰老特性, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】Supplying nitrogen timely and effectively could delay leaf senescence and improve grain filling characteristics of maize. The effects of controlled-release fertilizers with different controlled nitrogen ratio on leaf senescence, grain filling and yield of summer maize were studied to explore the appropriate controlled nitrogen ratio for summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai region. 【Method】This study was conducted in 2019-2021 cropping seasons, using the middle-early maturing hybrid Denghai 518 (DH518) and the middle-late maturing hybrid Denghai 605 (DH605) as experimental materials. The types of nitrogen fertilizer are controlled release urea and ordinary urea mixed, ordinary urea. Five controlled nitrogen ratios: 10% (T1), 20% (T2), 30% (T3), 40% (T4) and 50% (T5) were set for studying the effects of controlled-release fertilizers on leaf senescence, grain filling characteristics, and their inter-relationship of summer maize, using urea fertilizer treatment as control (CK). 【Result】The results showed that using controlled release fertilizers could significantly increase the yield of summer maize. Among these, the yield increased most significantly in T3 treatment. Compared with CK, using controlled release fertilizers significantly increased the leaf area index (LAI), SPAD value, and the antioxidant enzymes activities, thus improving the grain filling characteristics. Among these, T3 treatment increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in summer maize leaves at the late growth stage, reducing the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), thus delaying leaf senescence most significantly. In addition, the maximum growth (W_max), grain filling rate (G_max), days of active filling period (P), and grain dehydration rate were increased mostly in T3 treatment, accordingly the 1000-kernel weight and grain yield of summer maize were increased mostly. Correlation analysis showed that the yield was positively correlated with W_max and G_max; W_maxand G_max was positively correlated with the activities of SOD and POD, but negatively correlated with MDA content. Grain dehydration rate and grain filling rate were positively correlated with the activities of SOD and CAT, but negatively correlated with MDA content. The water content of kernels was negatively correlated with the activities of SOD and CAT, and positively correlated with MDA content. Therefore, using controlled release fertilizers, especially T3 treatment, effectively optimized the grain filling characteristics by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities, thus increasing the grain yield of summer maize.【Conclusion】Using controlled-release fertilizer could effectively increase the activities of leaf antioxidant enzymes, thus delaying leaf senescence, improving grain filling characteristics and increasing grain yield of summer maize. Among these, T3 treatment increased the grain yield most significantly.

Key words: summer maize, controlled release fertilizer, controlled nitrogen ratios, grain filling characteristics, aging characteristics, yield

于浩东, 初振宇, 汪顺源, 郭艳青, 任佰朝, 张吉旺. 不同控释氮素比例对夏玉米叶片衰老和籽粒灌浆特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(18): 3511-3529.

YU HaoDong, CHU ZhenYu, WANG ShunYuan, GUO YanQing, REN BaiZhao, ZHANG JiWang. Effects of Different Controlled Nitrogen Ratios on Leaf Senescence and Grain Filling Characteristics of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(18): 3511-3529.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2023/V56/I18/3511

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表3

不同控氮比控释肥对夏玉米籽粒灌浆参数的影响"

年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	处理 Treatment	生长曲线方程 Growth curve parametric equation	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	T_max (d)	W_max (g·100·kernels^-1)	G_max (g·100 kernels^-1·d ^-1)	P (d)	Ro	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2019	DH518	CK	y=30.58/(1+80.06e^-0.16^x)	0.9995	26.44	15.29	1.02	37.5	0.16	11753e
		T1	y=32.53/(1+61.08e^-0.14^x)	0.9963	26.08	16.27	1.14	42.9	0.14	12043de
		T2	y=32.82/(1+77.01e^-0.15^x)	0.9998	26.36	16.41	1.23	40.0	0.15	12685bc
		T3	y=34.91/(1+71.74e^-0.15^x)	0.9976	25.80	17.45	1.26	41.2	0.15	13134a
		T4	y=34.82/(1+59.81e^-0.14^x)	0.9969	25.67	17.42	1.22	42.9	0.14	12791ab
		T5	y=34.15/(1+54.05e^-0.14^x)	0.9964	25.9	17.08	1.20	42.8	0.14	12312cd
	DH605	CK	y=30.02/(1+87.86e^-0.14^x)	0.9993	26.44	15.01	1.10	42.9	0.14	11965c
		T1	y=31.59/(1+12.66e^-0.17^x)	0.9989	26.31	15.79	1.28	40.3	0.17	12288bc
		T2	y=35.38/(1+57.92e^-0.12^x)	0.9996	26.18	17.69	1.26	42.0	0.12	12720abc
		T3	y=36.41/(1+88.28e^-0.15^x)	0.9996	26.38	18.20	1.34	45.0	0.15	13556a
		T4	y=33.55/(1+65.09e^-0.14^x)	0.9980	26.14	16.77	1.23	42.9	0.14	12988ab
		T5	y=34.08/(1+106.82e^-0.15^x)	0.9995	26.57	17.04	1.17	40.0	0.15	12338bc
2021	DH518	CK	y=34.13/(1+86.02e^-0.14^x)	0.9979	31.82	17.07	1.19	42.86	0.14	13219d
		T1	y=35.01/(1+108.87e^-0.15^x)	0.9978	31.27	17.51	1.31	40.21	0.15	13781c
		T2	y=35.68/(1+105.09e^-0.15^x)	0.9970	31.03	17.84	1.34	40.35	0.15	14652b
		T3	y=36.23/(1+120.67e^-0.16^x)	0.9992	29.96	18.12	1.45	38.21	0.16	15550a
		T4	y=35.88/(1+111.91e^-0.15^x)	0.9974	31.45	17.94	1.35	40.12	0.15	14875b
		T5	y=34.23/(1+62.96e^-0.14^x)	0.9968	29.59	17.12	1.20	43.16	0.14	13537cd
	DH605	CK	y=32.56/(1+55.59e^-0.14^x)	0.9977	26.79	16.28	1.20	41.23	0.15	13114c
		T1	y=34.21/(1+60.84e^-0.16^x)	0.9977	25.68	17.11	1.37	37.69	0.16	13795b
		T2	y=34.44/(1+60.13e^-0.16^x)	0.9976	25.60	17.22	1.38	38.56	0.16	13985b
		T3	y=35.36/(1+60.04e^-0.16^x)	0.9973	25.59	17.68	1.41	38.94	0.16	14612a
		T4	y=33.18/(1+56.34e^-0.15^x)	0.9969	26.88	16.59	1.26	40.36	0.15	13375c
		T5	y=32.96/(1+51.5e^-0.15^x)	0.9964	26.28	16.48	1.24	41.14	0.15	12602d

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年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	处理 Treatment	穗数 Ears (ears/hm²)	穗粒数 No. of grains per ear	千粒重 1000-grain mass (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2019	DH518	CK	68670	503d	340d	11753e
		T1	66559	521c	347c	12043de
		T2	68337	531b	350b	12685bc
		T3	68114	544a	354a	13134a
		T4	68448	533b	351b	12791ab
		T5	67114	532b	345c	12312cd
	DH605	CK	66781	574c	312bc	11965c
		T1	66226	569cd	326a	12288bc
		T2	68445	569cd	326a	12720abc
		T3	69335	598a	327a	13556a
		T4	70337	587b	315b	12988ab
		T5	68448	583b	309c	12338bc
2020	DH518	CK	66930	503d	301bc	11832e
		T1	66945	511bc	306bc	12211d
		T2	67785	522bc	312ab	12808ab
		T3	68055	530a	320a	13381a
		T4	68205	529ab	316ab	13232ab
		T5	67785	523bc	306b	12633bc
	DH605	CK	67920	522e	328c	13500e
		T1	68055	526cd	330bc	13721d
		T2	68340	527bc	332bc	13879bc
		T3	68610	539ab	336a	14413a
		T4	68760	523ab	340ab	14243ab
		T5	67500	515b	334c	13535c
2021	DH518	CK	63337	505c	355d	13219d
		T1	64337	510bc	361cd	13781c
		T2	64170	533ab	368bc	14652b
		T3	65003	535a	384a	15550a
		T4	63670	531ab	378ab	14875b
		T5	63337	522abc	351de	13537cd
	DH605	CK	63892	524bc	337c	13114c
		T1	65003	529abc	344b	13795b
		T2	65003	537ab	345b	13985b
		T3	64670	538a	360a	14612a
		T4	65003	533ab	331cd	13375c
		T5	64448	527abc	319e	12602d
ANOVA	年份Year (Y)		**	**	**	**
	品种Hybrid (H)		ns	**	**	**
	处理Treatment (T)		**	**	**	**
	年份×品种×处理Y×H×T		ns	**	**	**

年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	处理 Treatment	吐丝后天数Days after silking
年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	处理 Treatment	15 d	30 d	45 d	60 d
2019	DH518	CK	82.79a	52.39b	42.11a	33.94a
		T1	82.17a	52.21b	41.74ab	32.11abc
		T2	82.02a	52.46b	41.26abc	31.61ab
		T3	82.56a	52.83ab	40.77c	29.63d
		T4	83.46a	53.47a	41.13bc	31.25c
		T5	82.46a	53.49a	41.61abc	31.91bc
	DH605	CK	82.07a	54.03b	41.89a	32.94a
		T1	82.2a	54.67ab	41.21abc	32.42a
		T2	81.75a	55.33a	41.58ab	32.22a
		T3	81.97a	54.98ab	40.45c	29.22c
		T4	81.32a	54.15ab	40.82bc	30.96b
		T5	81.77a	54.35ab	40.98abc	31.88a
2021	DH518	CK	81.42b	51.79a	42.47a	34.54a
		T1	81.50b	52.90a	42.29a	34.06a
		T2	82.99a	52.31a	42.19a	33.81a
		T3	82.05ab	52.70a	40.56b	29.59c
		T4	82.29ab	52.28a	41.08b	32.45b
		T5	81.53b	52.61a	42.02a	32.49b
	DH605	CK	82.55a	51.42b	43.26a	34.44a
		T1	82.14a	51.72ab	42.7ab	34.41a
		T2	82.19a	52.26ab	42.91ab	34.07a
		T3	82.45a	53.26a	41.10d	29.87c
		T4	81.95a	53.20a	41.88c	32.2b
		T5	81.95a	53.44a	42.22bc	32.56b

年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	处理 Treatment	吐丝后天数Days after silking
年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	处理 Treatment	15-30 d	30-45 d	45-60 d
2019	DH518	CK	2.03a	0.78a	0.54c
		T1	2.00a	0.73a	0.64b
		T2	1.97a	0.76a	0.64b
		T3	1.98a	0.74a	0.74a
		T4	2.00a	0.79a	0.66b
		T5	1.93a	0.76a	0.65b
	DH605	CK	1.87a	0.96a	0.6c
		T1	1.84a	0.95a	0.59c
		T2	1.76a	0.89ab	0.62bc
		T3	1.8a	0.88ab	0.75a
		T4	1.81a	0.86ab	0.66c
		T5	1.83a	0.83b	0.61bc
2021	DH518	CK	1.98a	0.75ab	0.53d
		T1	1.91a	0.79a	0.55cd
		T2	2.05a	0.69ab	0.56cd
		T3	1.96a	0.68ab	0.73a
		T4	2.00a	0.67b	0.58c
		T5	1.93a	0.69ab	0.64b
	DH605	CK	2.08a	0.70a	0.59cd
		T1	2.03ab	0.67b	0.55d
		T2	2.00ab	0.66b	0.59cd
		T3	1.95ab	0.67b	0.58bc
		T4	1.92b	0.67b	0.57c
		T5	1.90b	0.68ab	0.59bc

相关性 Correlation	SOD	POD	CAT	MDA	产量 Yield
T_max	-0.875*	-0.876*	-0.784	0.849*	-0.620
W_max	0.964**	0.940**	0.879*	-0.949**	0.843*
G_max	0.820*	0.820*	0.739	-0.814*	0.919**
P	0.618*	0.868*	0.680*	-0.641	0.354
产量Yield	0.798	0.656	0.601	-0.757	1

相关性 Correlation	SOD	POD	CAT	MDA
脱水速率 Dehydration rate	0.830**	0.137	0.643**	-0.556**
灌浆速率 Grouting rate	0.634**	0.02	0.734**	-0.804**
含水量 Moisture content	-0.582**	-0.098	-0.616**	0.725**
籽粒干重 Grain dry weight	-0.085	-0.255	-0.289	-0.216