不同栽培措施对超级稻强、弱势粒品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.05.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究不同栽培措施对超级稻强、弱势粒品质及淀粉特性的影响,以期为改善稻米品质即水稻强、弱势粒品质的协同提高提供理论指导和实践依据。【方法】以超级稻甬优2640和武运粳24为供试材料,大田种植条件下,设置氮空白区（0N）、当地农民习惯（LFP）、优化栽培管理1（T1）和优化栽培管理2（T2）4个处理,每个处理设置3个重复。试验裂区设计,以处理为主区,品种为副区（小区）。2018年测定全穗籽粒外观、加工、蒸煮食味品质和RVA特征值,在此基础之上,2019年增加强、弱势粒淀粉颗粒的扫描电镜观察、结晶度和红外光谱分布测定。【结果】（1）在稻米品质上,与强势粒相比,弱势粒加工品质更优,而外观品质更劣,蛋白质含量和硬度显著提高,直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和黏度显著下降。（2）在淀粉特性上,与强势粒相比,弱势粒的淀粉颗粒较小且破损严重,结晶度、1 045/1 022 cm^-1值显著提高,峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、最终黏度显著下降,消解值和糊化温度显著上升。（3）与当地农民习惯LFP相比,通过优化栽培管理T1和T2,两品种强、弱势粒加工品质与外观品质显著提高,蛋白质含量及直链淀粉含量显著下降,胶稠度显著上升,蒸煮食味品质变优;淀粉特性也都有所改善,相对结晶度降低,淀粉表层有序性下降,其中弱势粒品质及淀粉特性提升较为明显。【结论】弱势粒稻米品质显著劣于强势粒,优化栽培措施能够在提高产量的基础上通过改善弱势粒品质实现全穗籽粒品质的提升。

关键词: 水稻, 品质, 淀粉, 强弱势粒, 栽培措施

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of the study was to explore the effects of crop management practices on grain quality including starch properties of superior and inferior spikelets of super rice, to provide the theoretical and practical guidance for improving rice quality, that is, the coordinated improvement of grain quality of superior and inferior spikelets. 【Method】The tested rice cultivars were super rice Y2640 and W24. There were four treatments in the field experiment, including zero nitrogen application (0N), local farmer practice (LFP), optimized cultivation 1 (T1) and optimized cultivation 2 (T2). For each treatment, there were three replicates. A split plot design was used in this experiment with crop management practices as the main plot, with variety as the split plot. In 2018, the appearance, processing, cooking and eating quality and RVA characteristics of rice were measured. In 2019, the experiments of scanning electron microscopy observation, crystallinity, infrared spectral distribution and RVA characteristics of superior and inferior grains of both varieties under different treatments were conducted. 【Result】 (1) For grain quality, compared with superior grains, inferior grains had better processing quality but worse appearance quality, protein content and hardness of inferior grains was increased, while amylose content, gel consistency viscosity and adhesiveness was decreased.(2) For starch quality, compared with superior grains, starch granules were smaller and the surface of starch granules were uneven and pitted in inferior grain, crystallinity and 1 045/1 022 cm^-1 value, setback, gelatinization temperature of inferior grains were increased, while peak viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity of inferior grains were decreased.(3) Compared with LFP, by optimized crop management T1 and T2, the processing and appearance qualities of superior and inferior grains in both varieties were improved, protein content and amylose were decreased, while the gel consistency was increased, eating and cooking quality of superior and inferior grains were improved. The starch quality of superior and inferior grains were also improved, the relative intensity and order of structure were decreased, when compare crop management T1 and T2 with LFP. The grain and starch quality of inferior grains was more improved than superior ones by optimized crop management practices. 【Conclusion】The quality of rice and starch of inferior grains was significantly inferior to that of superior grains. Optimized crop management practices could improve grain yield and grain quality, especially for the grain quality of inferior grains.

Key words: rice, rice quality, starch, superior and inferior grains, crop management practices

蒋晶晶,周天阳,韦陈华,邬佳宁,张耗,刘立军,王志琴,顾骏飞,杨建昌. 不同栽培措施对超级稻强、弱势粒品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(5): 874-889.

JIANG JingJing,ZHOU TianYang,WEI ChenHua,WU JiaNing,ZHANG Hao,LIU LiJun,WANG ZhiQin,GU JunFei,YANG JianChang. Effects of Crop Management Practices on Grain Quality of Superior and Inferior Spikelets of Super Rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(5): 874-889.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.05.004

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2022/V55/I5/874

图/表 11

图1

表1

不同栽培措施下两品种水稻全穗籽粒强、弱势粒的外观及加工品质"

年份 Year	品种 Variety	粒位 Grain position	处理 Treatment	外观品质 Appearance quality			加工品质 Milling quality
年份 Year	品种 Variety	粒位 Grain position	处理 Treatment	垩白面积 Chalkiness area (%)	垩白粒率 Chalky rice rate (%)	垩白度 Chalkiness (%)	糙米率 Brown rice percentage (%)	精米率 Milled rice percentage (%)	整精米率 Head rice percentage (%)
2018	甬优2640 Y2640	—	0N	24.87±0.10c	25.53±0.14c	6.86±0.10c	81.47±0.04c	73.78±0.04c	68.76±0.04c
		—	LFP	27.74±0.06a	30.21±0.20a	8.35±0.14a	81.78±0.11b	74.57±0.11b	70.53±0.06b
		—	T1	26.58±0.17b	27.41±0.25b	7.56±0.17b	82.55±0.06a	74.58±0.06a	71.48±0.03a
		—	T2	26.26±0.07b	25.89±0.13c	6.80±0.11c	82.63±0.07a	75.13±0.07a	71.59±0.07a
	武运粳24 W24	—	0N	21.52±0.03d	26.69±0.13c	6.34±0.06c	81.52±0.10d	75.70±0.10d	66.52±0.01d
		—	LFP	24.68±0.11a	36.89±0.16a	7.63±0.11a	81.67±0.03c	76.18±0.03c	70.69±0.10c
		—	T1	23.91±0.08b	34.25±0.07b	7.16±0.08b	84.98±0.06b	77.28±0.06b	71.33±0.04b
		—	T2	22.97±0.17c	26.69±0.17c	6.13±0.14c	85.17±0.01a	77.82±0.01a	71.95±0.07a
2019	甬优2640 Y2640	强势粒 Superior grain	0N	16.46±0.14c	20.30±0.38c	6.21±0.04c	80.71±0.11b	72.99±0.09c	66.44±0.08c
			LFP	22.80±0.25a	25.58±0.30a	7.92±0.08a	80.78±0.08b	74.15±0.14b	67.19±0.08b
			T1	20.74±0.16b	24.21±0.15b	7.18±0.08b	81.42±0.13a	74.40±0.10ab	67.58±0.07a
			T2	20.24±0.13b	23.31±0.22b	7.04±0.02b	81.57±0.08a	74.58±0.06a	67.91±0.12a
		弱势粒 Inferior grain	0N	29.82±0.23c	29.87±0.42c	7.42±0.04d	83.60±0.11c	75.58±0.09b	66.93±0.11c
			LFP	33.26±0.15a	35.55±0.18a	9.13±0.15a	83.93±0.05b	76.84±0.18b	68.18±0.08b
			T1	31.30±0.34b	33.77±0.14b	8.49±0.06b	84.36±0.04a	77.20±0.08a	68.73±0.04a
			T2	30.20±0.11c	33.48±0.08b	7.99±0.04c	84.50±0.04a	77.42±0.08a	68.91±9.05a
	武运粳24 W24	强势粒 Superior grain	0N	14.52±0.23d	22.87±0.99d	5.48±0.06d	80.99±0.09b	73.22±0.06c	66.93±0.06c
			LFP	20.64±0.08a	31.51±0.07a	6.94±0.07a	81.30±0.08b	73.72±0.11b	68.18±0.10b
			T1	18.59±0.53b	28.66±0.42b	6.44±0.02b	82.12±0.08a	74.23±0.11a	68.73±0.08a
			T2	17.15±0.16c	25.90±0.08c	5.81±0.11c	82.43±0.09a	74.36±0.11a	68.91±0.03a
		弱势粒 Inferior grain	0N	26.56±0.42b	30.77±0.30d	6.92±0.09d	83.87±0.13d	77.39±0.09b	69.91±0.11c
			LFP	29.76±0.56a	40.32±0.06a	8.30±0.05a	84.25±0.06c	77.76±0.18b	72.09±0.08b
			T1	28.06±0.08b	38.32±0.18b	7.67±0.07b	85.54±0.05b	78.54±0.08a	72.61±0.04a
			T2	27.24±0.30b	35.77±0.11c	7.17±0.09c	85.92±0.06a	78.83±0.08a	72.83±9.05a

表1

表2

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

表3

图7

表4

不同栽培措施下两品种水稻全穗籽粒和强、弱势粒籽粒淀粉的RVA特征值"

年份 Year	品种 Variety	粒位 Grain position	处理 Treatment	峰值黏度 PV (cP)	热浆黏度 TV (cP)	崩解值 BD (cP)	最终黏度 FV (cP)	消解值 SB (cP)	峰值时间 PT (s)	糊化温度 GT (℃)
2018	甬优2640 Y2640	—	0N	2696.00±22.63a	2095.33±16.50a	600.67±6.12a	2896.67±21.52a	200.67±9.66c	6.61±0.10a	72.87±0.10c
		—	LFP	2126.33±28.75c	1710.33±2.05c	416.00±26.70c	2399.33±23.93c	273.00±4.82a	6.79±0.13a	75.89±0.12a
		—	T1	2201.67±11.31bc	1732.67±9.73bc	469.00±11.58bc	2457.00±19.02bc	255.33±7.71ab	6.73±0.04a	74.87±0.08b
		—	T2	2238.33±11.78b	1752.00±5.67b	486.33±6.11b	2484.33±11.96b	246.00±0.18b	6.71±0.08a	74.60±0.07b
	武运粳24 W24	—	0N	2970.33±14.38a	2173.67±13.92a	796.67±28.29a	3106.00±20.90a	135.67±0.71c	6.57±0.10a	71.42±0.17c
		—	LFP	2148.67±18.38d	1695.33±18.68c	453.33±37.07c	2447.00±16.31c	298.33±2.08a	6.74±0.11a	74.26±0.08a
		—	T1	2330.67±11.41c	1705.67±15.57c	625.00±26.98b	2580.00±24.95b	249.33±13.53b	6.69±0.14a	73.26±0.11b
		—	T2	2418.33±23.26b	1784.67±5.98b	633.67±29.24b	2656.00±11.98b	237.67±11.29b	6.66±0.08a	72.88±0.10b
2019	甬优2640 Y2640	强势粒 Superior grain	0N	3709.50±19.09a	2618.00±8.49a	1091.50±10.61a	3951.00±35.36a	241.50±16.26d	6.17±0.05c	74.92±0.08b
			LFP	2742.00±11.31d	1958.50±45.96c	783.50±34.65b	3580.50±30.41c	838.50±19.09a	6.94±0.09a	77.03±0.53a
			T1	3138.50±21.92c	2145.50±19.09b	993.00±41.01a	3691.50±9.19b	553.00±12.73b	6.90±0.04ab	76.20±0.28a
			T2	3247.00±18.38b	2228.50±9.19b	1018.50±27.58a	3691.50±12.02b	463.50±30.41c	6.60±0.10b	76.06±0.05ab
		弱势粒 Inferior grain	0N	2409.50±16.26d	1446.50±9.19d	963.00±7.07b	3044.00±18.38c	634.50±2.12a	6.84±0.23a	77.92±0.09a
			LFP	2521.50±6.36c	1540.00±1.41c	981.50±4.95b	3143.00±2.83b	621.50±9.19ab	6.82±0.21a	77.77±0.18a
			T1	2638.00±8.49b	1634.00±12.73b	1004.00±4.24ab	3220.50±12.02a	582.50±3.54b	6.80±0.28a	77.19±0.06b
			T2	2727.00±32.53a	1678.00±5.66a	1049.00±26.87a	3252.00±9.90a	525.00±22.63c	6.77±0.14a	76.77±0.02c
	武运粳24 W24	强势粒 Superior grain	0N	3561.50±36.06a	2746.00±9.90a	815.50±26.16a	3859.50±20.51a	298.00±15.56c	6.10±0.04b	73.38±0.25c
			LFP	2843.50±14.85c	2288.00±1.41d	555.50±13.44c	3539.00±22.63c	695.50±7.78a	6.73±0.00a	76.28±0.18a
			T1	3041.50±23.33b	2363.00±8.49c	678.50±14.85b	3587.00±0.00bc	545.50±23.33b	6.64±.05a	75.38±0.11b
			T2	3082.00±19.80b	2392.00±4.24b	690.00±15.56b	3610.00±2.83b	528.00±22.63b	6.54±0.09a	75.12±0.14b
		弱势粒 Inferior grain	0N	2262.00±12.73b	1549.00±16.97c	682.50±4.95b	3029.50±3.54c	767.50±9.19a	7.00±0.00a	77.70±0.35a
			LFP	2292.50±7.78b	1610.00±12.73b	696.50±2.12ab	3057.00±9.90b	764.50±2.12a	7.00±0.00a	77.33±0.11b
			T1	2361.50±10.61a	1665.00±8.49a	706.00±7.07a	3095.50±4.95a	734.00±5.66b	6.87±0.00a	76.64±0.14bc
			T2	2401.00±15.56a	1695.00±8.49a	713.00±4.24a	3118.00±5.66a	717.00±9.90b	6.77±0.14a	76.21±0.06c

表4

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年份 Year	品种 Variety	粒位 Grain position	处理 Treatment	蛋白质含量 Protein content (%)	直链淀粉含量 Amylose content (%)	胶稠度 Gel consistency (mm)	产量 Grain yield (t·hm^-2)
2018	甬优2640 Y2640	—	0N	8.68±0.11c	16.13±0.17a	69.32±0.14a	6.98±0.11d
		—	LFP	11.11±0.14a	15.16±0.23b	66.98±0.10c	10.53±0.06c
		—	T1	10.58±0.08b	14.78±0.07b	67.56±0.08b	11.27±0.08b
		—	T2	10.23±0.04b	14.62±0.03b	67.73±0.18b	12.22±0.17a
	武运粳24 W24	—	0N	8.22±0.14c	16.52±0.17a	72.56±0.06a	5.75±0.16d
		—	LFP	10.74±0.06a	16.03±0.04ab	68.21±0.14c	9.43±0.07c
		—	T1	9.48±0.17b	15.73±0.10bc	70.65±0.21b	10.1±0.14b
		—	T2	9.52±0.03b	15.41±0.20c	70.69±0.13b	10.97±0.24a
2019	甬优2640 Y2640	强势粒 Superior grain	0N	6.44±0.15d	19.76±0.11a	73.91±0.30a	7.06±0.08d
			LFP	9.14±0.01a	17.36±0.14b	70.47±0.16c	11.93±0.10c
			T1	8.61±0.06b	17.31±0.04b	71.15±0.15bc	12.52±0.11b
			T2	8.20±0.07c	16.32±0.05c	71.50±0.07b	13.25±0.21a
		弱势粒 Inferior grain	0N	10.47±0.16d	14.45±0.16a	67.21±0.08a
			LFP	13.52±0.06a	12.31±0.07b	63.12±0.05c
			T1	12.82±0.09b	12.30±0.08b	63.93±0.08b
			T2	12.30±0.08c	11.32±0.06c	64.23±0.15b
	武运粳24 W24	强势粒 Superior grain	0N	6.10±0.03d	20.23±0.15a	77.21±0.35a	5.81±0.23d
			LFP	8.92±0.08a	17.77±0.16b	72.35±0.30c	9.30±0.07c
			T1	8.55±0.01b	17.92±0.08b	73.32±0.14bc	10.19±0.11b
			T2	8.10±0.06c	16.39±0.21c	73.73±0.06b	10.88±0.16a
		弱势粒 Inferior grain	0N	10.07±0.08d	14.93±0.08a	69.33±0.28a
			LFP	12.92±0.08a	12.71±0.08b	64.47±0.16c
			T1	12.52±0.04b	12.65±0.11b	66.08±0.08b
			T2	11.98±0.04c	11.72±0.09c	66.42±0.08b

品种 Variety	粒位 Grain position	处理 Treatment	结晶度 Crystallinity (%)	IR
品种 Variety	粒位 Grain position	处理 Treatment	结晶度 Crystallinity (%)	1045/1022 cm^-1	1022/995 cm^-1
甬优2640 Y2640	强势粒 Superior grain	0N	24.94±0.02d	0.52±0.01d	1.19±0.01a
		LFP	25.74±0.02a	0.68±0.00a	0.95±0.02c
		T1	25.56±0.03b	0.63±0.01b	1.03±0.01b
		T2	25.47±0.01c	0.60±0.00c	1.05±0.01b
	弱势粒 Inferior grain	0N	26.86±0.04a	0.71±0.01a	0.88±0.01b
		LFP	26.77±0.03a	0.69±0.01a	0.92±0.01b
		T1	26.53±0.02b	0.66±0.01b	0.96±0.01a
		T2	26.44±0.04b	0.64±0.00b	0.99±0.01a
武运粳24 W24	强势粒 Superior grain	0N	23.82±0.05c	0.43±0.01c	1.31±0.02a
		LFP	24.86±0.01a	0.66±0.01a	1.07±0.02c
		T1	24.65±0.04b	0.59±0.02b	1.15±0.00b
		T2	24.57±0.04b	0.57±0.01b	1.18±0.01b
	弱势粒 Inferior grain	0N	26.31±0.08a	0.69±0.01a	0.92±0.01c
		LFP	26.11±0.02a	0.67±0.00ab	0.96±0.01b
		T1	25.80±0.06b	0.64±0.02bc	0.99±0.00a
		T2	25.67±0.06b	0.60±0.01c	1.01±0.00a