饲粮中添加膨化羽毛粉对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和血清生化指标的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究膨化羽毛粉（EFM）的营养成分、胃蛋白酶消化率、羽毛粉膨化过程中超微形貌特征变化以及在玉米-豆粕-杂粕饲粮中添加EFM对肉鸡生产性能、屠宰性能及氮平衡相关血液指标的影响,为EFM在肉鸡生产中的应用提供基础数据。【方法】选择1日龄健康爱拔益加（AA）雄性肉仔鸡240只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,不添加EFM,试验组分别饲喂含EFM 0.5%,1%,2%的日粮（可消化氨基酸平衡配方）,试验期间自由采食,饲养时间42 d。21和42日龄时,记录采食量,计算1—21日龄、22—42日龄和1—42日龄的平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比。另外,每重复随机选取1只鸡,心脏采血,分离血清,用于谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、总蛋白、尿素、肌酐和血氨含量测定。42日龄时,每重复随机选取1只鸡屠宰,测定屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率、腿肌率、胸肌率和腹脂率。【结果】不同膨化阶段扫描电镜的结果可见,膨化处理可使羽毛断裂,结构变得松散,与环境的接触面更大。从肉鸡生长性能来看,前期（1—21日龄）和后期（22—42日龄）饲料中添加0.5%,1%,2%的EFM对平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比无显著影响（P>0.05）;全期（1—42日龄）EFM对平均日增重和平均日采食量无显著影响（P>0.05）,添加2% EFM组显著降低了耗料增重比（P<0.05）。42日龄时,EFM对半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率无显著影响（P>0.05）;2%和1.5% EFM添加组显著提高了屠宰率（P<0.05）。21日龄时,EFM对丙氨酸转氨酸（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、血清尿素氮（UREA）、肌酐（CREA）和血氨无显著影响（P>0.05）,添加2% EFM显著降低碱性磷酸酶（ALP）（P<0.05）。添加1.5%膨化羽毛粉显著提高总蛋白（TP）含量（P<0.05）。42日龄时,EFM对ALP、AST、ALP、TP 和CREA无显著影响（P>0.05）,显著降低血清UREA和血氨（P<0.05）。【结论】羽毛粉经过膨化处理结构变得松散,肉鸡饲粮中可以适量添加膨化羽毛粉,添加2%的膨化羽毛粉能降低耗料增重比、提高屠宰率、降低血清尿素氮和血氨水平。

关键词: 膨化羽毛粉, 扫描电镜, 肉鸡, 生长性能, 屠宰率, 生化指标

Abstract:

【Objective】This experiment was conducted to investigate the nutritional indexes, pepsin digestibility, ultra micro morphological changes of expanded feather meal (EFM) and the effects of expanded feather meal (EFM) on broiler performance and related blood indexes, so as to determine whether EFM can be used in broiler feed and the appropriate level.【Method】240 1-day-old healthy AA male broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 10 chickens in each replicate. Four treatment groups were fed with EFM 0, 0.5%, 1%, 2% diet (digestible amino acid balance formula) for 42 days. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed to weight ratio (F/G) of 1-21, 22-42 and 1-42 days old were calculated. At the age of 21 and 42 days, Blood was collected from heart and serum was separated for determination of AST, ALT, ALP, TP, urea, CREA and ammonia. At the age of 42 days, one chicken was randomly selected for slaughter in each replicate, and the slaughter rate, full evisceration rate, half evisceration rate, leg muscle rate, chest muscle rate and abdominal fat rate were determined.【Result】The results showed puffing treatment could make the feather break, the structure became loose, and the contact area with the environment was larger. EFM had no significant effect on the average daily gain and average daily intake (P>0.05) in the whole period (1-42 days), and the addition of 2% EFM significantly reduced the ratio of feed consumption to weight gain (P<0.05). At the age of 42 days, EFM had no significant effect on the rate of half clean bore, full clean bore, chest muscle, leg muscle and abdominal fat (P>0.05); 2% and 1.5% EFM significantly increased the slaughter rate (P<0.05). At the age of 21 days, EFM had no significant effect on ALT, AST, UREA, CREA and ammonia (P>0.05). Adding 1.5% expanded feather powder significantly increased the TP content (P<0.05). At the age of 42 days, EFM had no significant effect on ALP, AST, ALP, TP and CREA (P>0.05), and significantly reduced urea and blood ammonia (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The results showed that expanded feather powder could be added to broiler feed properly, and 2% expanded feather powder could reduce the ratio of feed consumption and weight gain, increase the slaughter rate, and reduce the levels of serum urea nitrogen and blood ammonia.

Key words: expanded feather powder, SEM, broiler, growth performance, slaughter rate, biochemical index

陈志敏,常文环,郑爱娟,蔡辉益,刘国华. 饲粮中添加膨化羽毛粉对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和血清生化指标的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(13): 2643-2653.

CHEN ZhiMin,CHANG WenHuan,ZHENG AiJuan,CAI HuiYi,LIU GuoHua. Effect of Expanded Feather Powder on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Serum Biochemical Index of Broiler[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(13): 2643-2653.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2022/V55/I13/2643

图/表 14

表1

基础饲粮组成及营养成分(风干基础)"

项目 Items	1—21日龄 1 to 21 days
项目 Items	处理1 Group 1	处理2 Group 2	处理3 Group 3	处理4 Group 4
玉米Corn	52.88	53.60	54.33	55.78
豆粕Soybean meal	31.04	29.85	28.66	26.27
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00
膨化羽毛粉 EFM	0	0.50	1.00	2.00
植物油 Vegetable oil	3.45	3.38	3.31	3.18
食盐NaCl	0.35	0.35	0.35	0.35
磷酸氢钙CaHPO₄	1.56	1.55	1.54	1.52
石粉Limestone	1.52	1.53	1.54	1.57
L-赖氨酸L-Lys	0.27	0.30	0.33	0.39
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met	0.23	0.23	0.24	0.24
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
预混料Premix¹⁾	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
合计 Total	100	100	100	100
营养水平Nutrient levels²⁾
代谢能ME/(MJ·kg^-1)	2950	2950	2950	2950
粗蛋白质 CP	21.00	21.00	21.00	21.00
赖氨酸 Lys³⁾	1.05	1.05	1.05	1.05
蛋氨酸 Met	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.38
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys	0.76	0.76	0.76	0.76
苏氨酸 Thr	0.73	0.72	0.71	0.70
色氨酸 Trp	0.19	0.18	0.18	0.17
精氨酸 Arg	1.17	1.15	1.13	1.10
亮氨酸 Leu	1.19	1.18	1.17	1.14
异亮氨酸 Ile	0.74	0.73	0.72	0.70
苯丙氨酸 Phe	0.62	0.61	0.60	0.58
苯丙+酪氨酸 Phe+Tyr	1.15	1.14	1.14	1.11
组氨酸 His	0.38	0.37	0.37	0.35
缬氨酸 Val	0.83	0.81	0.81	0.80
钙 Ca	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
有效磷AP	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45
	22—42日龄 22 to 42 days
	处理1 Group 1	处理2 Group 2	处理3 Group 3	处理4 Group 4
玉米 Corn	57.91	58.66	59.40	60.89
豆粕 Soybean meal	22.80	21.58	20.36	17.92
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal	7.00	7.00	7.00	7.00
膨化羽毛粉 EFM	0	0.50	1.00	2.00
植物油 Vegetable oil	4.28	4.21	4.14	3.99
DDGS	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00
项目 Items	22—42日龄 22 to 42 days
项目 Items	处理1 Group 1	处理2 Group 2	处理3 Group 3	处理4 Group 4
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO₄	1.23	1.22	1.22	1.20
石粉 Limestone	1.35	1.36	1.37	1.40
赖氨酸 Lys	0.27	0.30	0.33	0.40
DL-蛋氨酸 Met	0.19	0.19	0.19	0.20
L-苏氨酸 Thr	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.06
氯化胆碱Choline chloride	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
预混料Premix	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
合计 Total	100	100	100	100
营养水平Nutrient levels
代谢能ME/(MJ·kg^-1)	3050	3050	3050	3050
粗蛋白质 CP	19.00	19.00	19.00	19.00
赖氨酸 Lys	0.88	0.88	0.88	0.88
蛋氨酸 Met	0.34	0.33	0.33	0.33
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys	0.66	0.66	0.66	0.66
苏氨酸 Thr	0.62	0.62	0.62	0.62
色氨酸 Trp	0.17	0.16	0.16	0.15
精氨酸 Arg	0.99	0.97	0.95	0.92
亮氨酸 Leu	1.01	0.99	0.99	0.96
异亮氨酸 Ile	0.64	0.62	0.61	0.59
苯丙氨酸 Phe	0.51	0.51	0.50	0.48
苯丙+酪氨酸 Phe+Tyr	0.97	0.96	0.94	0.92
组氨酸 His	0.31	0.30	0.29	0.28
缬氨酸 Val	0.71	0.70	0.70	0.68
钙 Ca	0.85	0.85	0.85	0.85
有效磷AP	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42

表1

表2

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

表3

表4

表5

表6

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项目 Item	含量 Content	项目 Item	含量 Content
干物质DM	94.59	胱氨酸Cys	3.33
粗蛋白质CP	86.32	缬氨酸Val	5.92
粗灰分Ash	5.83	蛋氨酸Met	0.35
粗脂肪EE	0.52	异亮氨酸Ile	3.91
粗纤维CF	0.75	亮氨酸Leu	6.89
天冬氨酸ASP	5.06	酪氨酸Tyr	2.36
苏氨酸Thr	3.83	苯丙氨酸Phe	4.10
丝氨酸Ser	10.23	组氨酸His	0.47
谷氨酸Glu	8.38	赖氨酸Lys	1.04
脯氨酸Pro	7.98	精氨酸Arg	5.70
甘氨酸Gly	7.06	色氨酸Trp	-
丙氨酸Ala	4.14	胃蛋白酶消化率 Pepsin digestibility	87.19

处理组 Groups	平均日增重 ADG (g·d^-1)	平均日采食量 ADFI (g·d^-1)	料重比 FCR
处理组 Groups	1—21日龄 1 to 21 days
0	39.99	50.88	1.34
0.5%	40.56	50.47	1.31
1.0%	40.15	49.89	1.30
2.0%	40.27	49.49	1.29
SEM	0.33	0.43	0.01
P	0.95	0.71	0.08
	22—42日龄 22 to 42 days
0	78.88	136.96	1.74
0.5%	79.68	137.36	1.72
1.0%	81.38	137.69	1.69
2.0%	82.41	137.98	1.68
SEM	0.88	1.37	0.01
P	0.50	1.00	0.08
	1—42日龄1 to 42 days
0	58.31	91.65	1.57a
0.5%	59.00	91.63	1.55a
1.0%	59.58	91.48	1.53ab
2.0%	60.05	91.23	1.52b
SEM	0.51	0.81	0.01
P	0.68	1.00	0.03

项目	屠宰率 Slaughter rate	半净膛率 Half net carcass rate	全净膛率 Whole net carcass rate	胸肌率 Breast muscle rate	腿肌率 Thigh muscle rate	腹脂率 Abdominal fat rate
0	92.13b	83.74	70.17	28.67	22.49	2.11
0.5%	91.94b	85.87	75.69	27.89	21.75	2.19
1.0%	93.04a	85.51	74.00	28.13	21.56	2.20
2.0%	92.99a	86.28	74.49	29.46	22.95	2.45
SEM	0.16	0.56	1.15	0.55	0.48	0.08
P	0.01	0.41	0.38	0.77	0.74	0.47

处理组 Groups	丙氨酸转氨酸 ALT(U/L)	天冬氨酸转氨酶 AST(U/L)	碱性磷酸酶 ALP(U/L)
处理组 Groups	21日龄 21 days
0	8.32	218.60	15231.74a
0.5%	8.25	228.72	13017.25ab
1.0%	8.67	245.07	15404.21a
2.0%	8.53	236.65	9548.47b
SEM	0.30	8.31	835.02
P	0.96	0.74	0.04
	42日龄 42 days
0	9.40	377.32	4033.14
0.5%	9.12	382.39	4140.47
1.0%	8.13	342.77	3445.67
2.0%	9.73	378.29	3964.67
SEM	0.23	12.99	118.34
P	0.08	0.70	0.15

处理组 Groups	总蛋白 TP (g·L^-1)	尿素氮 UREA (mmol·L^-1)	肌酐 CREA (μmol·L^-1)	血氨 NH₃ (μmol·L^-1)
处理组 Groups	21日龄 21 days
0	24.83b	0.43	30.35	129.65
0.5%	24.95b	0.38	25.72	100.12
1.0%	27.57a	0.42	26.18	127.64
2.0%	25.47ab	0.38	25.90	87.56
SEM	0.42	0.02	1.82	7.40
P	0.058	0.677	0.797	0.106
	42日龄 42 days
0	31.73	0.53a	26.18	145.69a
0.5%	29.55	0.44b	31.52	112.64b
1.0%	30.77	0.42b	31.17	107.49b
2.0%	29.40	0.41b	32.08	104.27b
SEM	0.74	0.02	2.92	4.39
P	0.673	0.026	0.898	0.000