整合肠道菌群与小分子代谢物分析调控肉鸡饲料转化率的影响因素

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.06.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】饲料转化效率（feed conversion rate，FCR）是畜禽生产中一个重要的经济性状指标，通过对肠道菌群与小分子代谢物的分析，探讨调控肉鸡FCR的影响因素。【方法】选择健康状况良好、同批次0日龄麻黄鸡雏鸡，自由采食和饮水，在57日龄时选择500只发育正常体重相近（（2 374.96±214.39）g）的公鸡转入测定舍，适应期3 d，60日龄正式测定，试验期18 d，根据自动喂料系统测定结果在上市日龄（78日龄）分别选取高饲料转化率（HF）和低饲料转化率（LF）各20只屠宰，分离肠道，测定肠道长度、形态，收取盲肠食糜，利用16S rRNA测序和全局精准非靶向代谢组学分析了肉鸡HF和LF盲肠微生物和小分子代谢物差异并进行关联分析。【结果】（1）与LF组相比，HF组的日增重显著降低（P<0.05），FCR显著升高（P<0.05），空肠长度显著降低（P<0.05），直肠长度显著升高（P<0.05），空肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度比显著降低（P<0.05）。（2）与LF组相比，HF组的Chao1、Shannon、Observed_species、Faith_pd指数显著降低（P<0.05），HF与LF组β多样性差异显著（P<0.05）。LF组LDA值大于3的差异属有：布劳特氏菌属_A、巴恩斯氏菌、马西利亚斯特科尔氏菌属、乳头杆属、光冈菌属、副鼠杆菌、UBA738。HF组LDA值大于3的差异属有：脱硫弧菌属、拟普雷沃氏菌属、肠单胞菌属。（3）筛选到32个差异代谢物，其中去氨酪氨酸、β-胡萝卜素、6-磷酸甘露糖等差异倍数较大。在这些差异代谢物中脂肪酰基、苯及取代衍生物比较多。（4）与FCR值显著相关的微生物（P<0.05）有：乳杆菌属、布劳特氏菌属_A、副鼠杆菌。与FCR值显著相关的代谢物（P<0.05）有：苯乙胺、β-胡萝卜素、抗生素 JI-20A、反式-肉桂酸甲酯、黄嘌呤核苷、3-甲氧基邻氨基苯甲酸酯、邻苯二甲酸、烟酰胺、γ-L-谷氨酰-D-丙氨酸、5-硝基-2-(3-苯丙胺)苯甲酸、对羟基苯丙酸、1-棕榈酰甘油磷脂酰胆碱、磷酸胆碱。代谢物γ-L-谷氨酰-D-丙氨酸与微生物布劳特氏菌属_A呈显著正相关，代谢物磷酸胆碱与微生物肠单胞菌属呈显著正相关。【结论】肉鸡FCR与肠道微生物及其代谢物相关，乳杆菌属、布劳特氏菌属A、巴恩斯氏菌、光冈菌属可能是影响饲料转化效率的重要微生物。去氨酪氨酸、β-胡萝卜素、黄嘌呤核苷、γ-L-谷氨酰-D-丙氨酸、磷酸胆碱是影响饲料转化效率的重要代谢物。肠道微生物可直接影响FCR，也可通过微生物代谢产物影响FCR，微生物-代谢物关联表明了影响FCR特定的作用途径。

关键词: 肉鸡, 饲料转化率, 16S rRNA, 肠道微生物, 代谢物, 相关性分析

Abstract:

【Objective】 Feed Conversion Rate (FCR) is an important economic trait index in livestock and poultry production. Through the analysis of intestinal flora and small molecular metabolites, the factors affecting the regulation of FCR in broilers were explored. 【Method】 Good health condition, the same batch of 0-day-old Jatropha curcas chicks were selected, free to feed and drink. At 57 days of age, 500 males with normal development and similar body weight ((2 374.96 ± 214.39) g) were selected and transferred to the assay house, with an acclimatization period of 3 days. The official assay was performed at 60 days of age, with an experimental period of 18 days, and 20 birds with high feed conversion rate (HF) and low feed conversion rate (LF) were selected for slaughtering at the marketable age (78 days of age), respectively, based on the results of the automated feeding system. Twenty birds with HF and LF were selected for slaughter at the market age (78 days old) according to the results of the automatic feeding system. Chicken intestines were isolated for determination of intestinal morphology, while cecal chow was harvested for joint analysis of microbial and small molecule metabolite differences between the HF and LF cecums of broiler chickens and correlation analyses using 16S rRNA sequencing and globally precise non-targeted metabolomics. 【Result】 (1) Compared with the LF group, the daily weight gain in HF group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the FCR was significantly increased (P<0.05), the jejunal length was significantly decreased (P<0.05), rectal length was significantly increased(P<0.05), and jejunal villus height/crypt depth ratio was significantly decreased(P<0.05). (2) Compared with the LF group, Chao1, Shannon, Observed_species, and Faith_pd indices were significantly decreased in the HF group (P<0.05). The difference in compositional structure between HF and LF was large (P<0.05). Genera with LDA values greater than 3 in the LF group were Blautia_A, Barnesiella, Massilistercora, Papillibacter, Mitsuokella, Paramuribaculum, and UBA738. The genera with LDA values greater than 3 in the HF group were Desulfovibrio_R, Alloprevotella, and Intestinimonas. (3) Thirty-two differential metabolites were screened, among which Docosahexaenoic acid, beta-carotene, and D-Mannose 6-phosphate were more multiplicative. Among these differential metabolites fatty acyl, benzene and substituted derivatives were more frequent. (4) The microorganisms that showed significant negative correlation with FCR values were Papillibacter, Blautia_A, and Paramuribaculum. The metabolites that showed a significant negative correlation with FCR values were Phenylethylamine, beta-Carotene, Antibiotic JI-20A, trans-Cinnamate, Xanthosine, 3-Methoxyanthranilate, Phthalic acid, Niacinamide, gamma-L-Glutamyl-D-alanine, 5-Nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid, Desaminotyrosine, and 1-palmitoylglycerophosphocholine. The metabolites that showed significant positive correlation with FCR values were Phosphorylcholine. Gamma-L-Glutamyl-D-alanine was significantly positively correlated with Blautia_A, while Phosphorylcholine was significantly positively correlated with Intestinimonas. 【Conclusion】 The broiler feed conversion was associated with intestinal flora and metabolites, while Papillibacter, Blautia_A, Barnesella, and Mitsuokella might be marker microorganisms affecting feed efficiency. Desmethyltyrosine, β-carotene, Xanthosine, gamma-L-Glutamyl-D-alanine, and Phosphorylcholine might be marker metabolites affecting feed efficiency. Intestinal flora could influence FCR directly or through microbial metabolites, and microbe-metabolite associations suggested specific pathways of action that may influence feed conversion.

Key words: broiler, feed conversion, 16S rRNA, gut microbes, metabolites, correlation analysis

巨晓军, 章明, 刘一帆, 姬改革, 单艳菊, 屠云洁, 邹剑敏, 张海涛, 卞良永, 束婧婷. 整合肠道菌群与小分子代谢物分析调控肉鸡饲料转化率的影响因素[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(6): 1223-1238.

JU XiaoJun, ZHANG Ming, LIU YiFan, JI GaiGe, SHAN YanJu, TU YunJie, ZOU JianMin, ZHANG HaiTao, BIAN LiangYong, SHU JingTing. Integration of Intestinal Flora and Small Molecule Metabolite to Analyze the Role of Factors Regulating Feed Conversion in Broiler Chickens[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(6): 1223-1238.

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表5

差异代谢物"

名称Name	LF	HF	FC	P	FDR	VIP	分类Classifications
去氨酪氨酸Docosahexaenoic acid	109859745.60	9684848.25	11.34	0.00	0.74	2.46	脂肪酰基 Fatty acyl group
β-胡萝卜素beta-Carotene	1727034.87	234115.24	7.38	0.00	0.14	2.47
D-甘露糖-6-磷酸D-Mannose 6-phosphate	59557243.36	8247867.07	7.22	0.04	0.88	1.96	有机氧化合物 Organic oxygen compound
胆红素Bilirubin	3960199.86	603791.98	6.56	0.04	0.88	1.88	氮杂环化合物 Azacyclic compound
花生四烯酸Arachidonic acid	1108087983	170716250.30	6.49	0.02	0.83	2.07	脂肪酰基 Fatty acyl group
烟酰胺Niacinamide	24731690.15	3861812.29	6.4	0.02	0.65	2.46	吡啶及其衍生物 Pyridine and its derivatives
抗生素JI-20A Antibiotic JI-20A	34903423.53	7504761.19	4.65	0.02	0.63	2.05
苯乙酸酯Phenyl acetate	79999522.65	17505838.39	4.57	0.02	0.81	2.05
溶血磷脂酸LysoPA(16_0_0_0)	33600980.67	7397164.48	4.54	0.01	0.74	2.38
苯乙胺 Phenylethylamine	3453499.23	901232.84	3.83	0.01	0.55	2.30	苯及取代衍生物 Benzene and its substituted derivatives
D-苯丙氨酸D-Phenylalanine	92760286.87	27299352.28	3.4	0.04	0.88	1.90
2-氨基苯甲酸 2-Aminobenzoic acid	15065050.37	4551010.21	3.31	0.04	0.79	1.96	苯及取代衍生物 Benzene and its substituted derivatives
1-棕榈酰甘油磷酸胆碱1-palmitoylglycerophosphocholine	220264082.20	76449187.98	2.88	0.03	0.70	2.12	甘油磷脂Glycerophospholipid
酪醇Tyrosol	31538152.22	11038793.72	2.86	0.04	0.75	1.52	酚 Phenol
3-甲氧基邻氨基苯甲酸酯3-Methoxyanthranilate	8295554.24	3013310.76	2.75	0.03	0.72	2.12	苯及取代衍生物 Benzene and its substituted derivatives
5-硝基-2-(3-苯丙氨基)苯甲酸5-Nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid	18535652.32	6781265.83	2.73	0.01	0.56	1.92
植物鞘氨醇Phytosphingosine	154682127.40	57961693.16	2.67	0.04	0.74	2.01	有机氮化合物 Organic nitrogen compound
二甲基甘氨酸 Dimethylglycine	9649870.37	3739267.29	2.58	0.04	0.88	2.01	羧酸及其衍生物 Carboxylic acid and its derivatives
反式肉桂酸盐trans-Cinnamate	30377892.69	11999622.56	2.53	0.03	0.70	2.00
邻苯二甲酸 Phthalic acid	121830710.50	54830998.99	2.22	0.02	0.81	2.08	苯及取代衍生物 Benzene and its substituted derivatives
4-羟基肉桂酸 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid	42766949.70	19655191.89	2.18	0.02	0.68	2.12	肉桂酸及其衍生物 Cinnamic acid and its derivatives
2-酮己酸 2-Ketohexanoic acid	11226883.12	5283975.25	2.12	0.04	0.75	1.66	酮酸及其衍生物 Ketoacid and its derivatives
γ-L-谷氨酰-D-丙氨酸gamma-L-Glutamyl-D-alanine	18952298.78	9587893.46	1.98	0.02	0.64	1.87	甘油磷脂 Glycerophospholipid
非那西丁Phenacetin	62700130.90	35189233.08	1.78	0.03	0.71	1.81
脱氨基酪氨酸Desaminotyrosine	64704533.84	36995641.20	1.75	0.01	0.78	2.13	苯丙酸 Benzoic acid
黄嘌呤核苷Xanthosine	31147891.16	19885108.84	1.57	0.02	0.84	2.09	嘌呤核苷 Purine nucleoside
山嵛酸Behenic acid	8073074.79	18131360.05	0.45	0.04	0.88	1.91	脂肪酰基 Fatty acyl group
1-羟基-1,2-二氢番茄红素1-Hydroxy-1,2-dihydrolycopene	2977717.56	8415772.56	0.35	0.05	0.83	2.05	有机氧化合物 Organic oxygen compound
邻甲酚o-Cresol	321228.22	939046.97	0.34	0.03	0.88	2.09	酚 Phenol
二十四烷酸Tetracosanoic acid	7493320.23	23641959.60	0.32	0.03	0.85	2.01	脂肪酰基 Fatty acyl group
磷酸胆碱Phosphorylcholine	23734633.96	81867790.22	0.29	0.01	0.47	1.85	有机氮化合物 Organic nitrogen compound
α-胡萝卜素Alpha-Carotene	1140587.13	4556420.00	0.25	0.02	0.67	1.85	戊二烯醇脂质 Pentadienyl lipid

表5

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原料 Ingredient	含量 Content (%)		营养水平 Nutrient levels²⁾	1-21日龄 1 to 21 days of age	22-78日龄 22 to 78 days of age
原料 Ingredient	1-21日龄 1 to 21 days of age	22-78日龄 22 to 78 days of age	营养水平 Nutrient levels²⁾	1-21日龄 1 to 21 days of age	22-78日龄 22 to 78 days of age
玉米 Corn	55.00	58.00	代谢能 ME/(MJ·kg^-1)	12.32	12.77
豆粕 Soybean meal	34.00	30.00	粗蛋白质 CP (%)	21.56	20.48
玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal	4.80	5.00	赖氨酸 Lys (%)	1.20	1.13
大豆油 Soybean oil	2.40	3.00	蛋氨酸 Met (%)	0.48	0.51
氯化钠 NaCl	0.30	0.30	蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys (%)	0.88	0.84
石粉 Limestone	1.20	1.50	钙 Ca (%)	1.12	1.02
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO₄	1.30	1.20	总磷 TP (%)	0.49	0.64
预混料 Premix¹⁾	1.00	1.00
合计 Total	100.00	100.00

项目 Item	组别Group		P值 P value
项目 Item	LF	HF	P值 P value
日采食量ADFI (g.d^-1)	128.33±8.61	103.28±8.04	P=0.059
日增重ADG (g.d^-1)	60.98±4.17a	21.03±0.55b	P≤0.001
FCR	2.11±0.02b	4.92±0.37a	P≤0.001

项目 Item	组别Group		P值 P value
项目 Item	LF	HF	P值 P value
十二指肠Duodenum	34±3.81	33.33±2.42	P=0.732
空肠Jejunum	73.5±5.75a	67±4.05b	P=0.047
回肠Ileum	69.08±8.13	66.75±7.49	P=0.616
直肠Rectum	10.58±1.11b	12±0.84a	P=0.032
盲肠Cecum	43.33±6.89	42.67±6.41	P=0.866

项目 Item		绒毛高度 Villus height (mm)	隐窝深度 Crypt depth (mm)	绒毛高度/隐窝深度 Villus height/Crypt depth	肠壁厚度 Intestinal thickness (mm)
十二指肠 Duodenum	LF	1919.65±206.42	363.21±53.05	5.08±0.50	608.12±64.75
	HF	1937.71±320.27	418.5±61.18	4.45±0.87	634.28±101.47
	P值P value	P=0.924	P=0.142	P=0.236	P=0.616
空肠 Jejunum	LF	1817.54±99.70	380.02±37.13	4.71±0.32	636.03±59.70
	HF	1924.00±198.19	394.17±78.02	4.77±0.86	589.17±32.29
	P值P value	P=0.315	P=0.700	P=0.892	P=0.152
回肠 Ileum	LF	1579.28±380.43	376.09±37.55	4.75±0.92^a	675.41±41.54
	HF	1441.44±219.86	379.97±93.38	3.59±0.59^b	622.15±59.22
	P值P value	P=0.460	P=0.933	P=0.039	P=0.114