京津冀地区肉鸡不同生产环节沙门菌的流行和传播

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【背景】沙门菌是重要的人畜共患病原菌和食源性病原菌，目前已发现2 600多种血清型，不同血清型的沙门菌对动物和人的致病性不同。肉鸡是沙门菌流行传播的重要宿主之一，其污染状况直接关系着肉鸡的健康养殖和公共卫生安全，肉鸡生产链是肉鸡感染沙门菌的主要来源，主要涵盖了种鸡养殖、肉鸡孵化和肉鸡养殖等环节，研究沙门菌在肉鸡不同生产环节中的流行和传播情况对肉鸡沙门菌的防控和公共卫生安全具有重要意义。【目的】以京津冀地区肉种鸡养殖场、肉鸡孵化场和商品化肉鸡养殖场为切入点，系统研究肉鸡不同生产环节沙门菌的流行性、血清型分布和分子分型情况，为肉鸡生产中沙门菌流行和传播情况的研究提供参考。【方法】从北京、天津和河北地区肉鸡不同生产环节（包括同一养殖集团内部）的28个养殖场共采集样品2 572份，其中肉种鸡养殖场、肉鸡孵化场和商品化肉鸡养殖场分别采集324份、747份和1 501份样品。首先对采集样品进行沙门菌的增菌培养，然后用显色培养基和聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction，PCR）进行沙门菌的分离与鉴定；其次应用丹麦血清对已鉴定的沙门菌进行血清分型，并用脉冲场凝胶电泳（pulsed field gel electrophoresis，PFGE）方法对沙门菌进行分子分型；最后对不同生产环节养殖场肉鸡的带菌状况、血清型分布和分子分型结果进行分析比较。【结果】从肉鸡不同生产环节共分离沙门菌335株，总体分离率为13.0%，其中肉种鸡养殖场、肉鸡孵化场和商品化肉鸡养殖场沙门菌的分离率分别为3.4%、30.3%和6.5%。同一养殖集团内部不同生产环节共分离沙门菌32株，分离率为8.6%，其中肉种鸡养殖场、肉鸡孵化场和商品化肉鸡养殖场的沙门菌分离率分别为2.0%、14.0%和9.2%。沙门菌分离株共有11种血清型分布，优势血清型为肠炎，其次为田纳西、鸡白痢和爪哇纳。肉鸡不同生产环节沙门菌的优势血清存在差异，其中肉种鸡养殖场为肠炎和尼特拉；肉鸡孵化场为肠炎、田纳西和鸡白痢；商品化肉鸡养殖场为肠炎、爪哇纳和鸡白痢。除从饲料中分离出5株埃施魏勒沙门菌外，同一养殖集团内部不同生产环节分离的沙门菌血清型均为肠炎。肉鸡不同生产环节沙门菌分离株的PFGE分型结果显示，不同血清型沙门菌的PFGE同源性较低，而同一血清型的同源性相对较高；多数肠炎沙门菌的PFGE条带谱型属于聚类I群，相似度93.1%；同一养殖集团内部不同生产环节分离的肠炎沙门菌存在完全相同的PFGE谱型。【结论】京津冀地区肉鸡各生产环节沙门菌的分离率差异较大，主要以肠炎沙门菌流行传播为主，肉鸡不同生产环节之间存在肠炎沙门菌的垂直克隆传播，种鸡是肉鸡沙门菌的重要感染来源，养殖场环境和饲料也是肉鸡沙门菌感染的来源之一，因此，必须加强种鸡沙门菌的净化，同时做好其他生产环节沙门菌的防控，以保障肉鸡的健康养殖和公共卫生安全。

关键词: 肉鸡, 沙门菌, 生产环节, 血清型, PFGE

Abstract:

【Background】Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen and foodborne pathogen, with over 2 600 identified so far. Different serotypes of Salmonella exhibits varying degrees of pathogenicity to animals and humans. Broiler is one of the important hosts of Salmonella epidemic transmission, and its contamination status is directly related to the healthy breeding of broilers and public health security. The broiler production chain is the main source of Salmonella infection in broilers, which mainly covers breeder farms, broiler hatcheries, and broiler farms, etc. The study of the prevalence and transmission of Salmonella in different production links of broilers is of great significance for the prevention and control of Salmonella in broilers and for public health and safety. It is important to study the prevalence and transmission of Salmonella in different links of broiler production for the prevention and control of Salmonella in broiler and public health safety.【Objective】 This study systematically investigated the prevalence, serotype distribution and molecular typing of Salmonella in different production chains of broilers, taking broiler breeder farms, broiler hatcheries and commercial broiler farms in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as an entry point, which provided data for the study of Salmonella epidemic and transmission in broiler production chain.【Method】A total of 2 572 samples were collected from 28 broiler farms in different production stages of broilers in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (including within a certain breeding group), of which 324, 747 and 1 501 samples were collected from broiler breeder farms, broiler hatcheries and commercial broiler farms, respectively. Firstly, the samples were cultured for the enrichment of Salmonella, and then the isolation and identification of Salmonella were carried out by color development medium and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR); secondly, the identified Salmonella were serotyped by Danish serum, and the identification of Salmonella was carried out by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFG), and the identification of Salmonella was carried out by PFG, and the identification of Salmonella was carried out by PFG. The results were analyzed by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) method for molecular typing of Salmonella. Finally, the carrier status, serotype distribution and molecular typing results of broilers from different production farms were analyzed and compared.【Result】A total of 335 strains of Salmonella were isolated from different production segments of broilers, with an overall isolation rate of 13.0%, of which the isolation rates of Salmonella from broiler breeder farms, broiler hatcheries and commercial broiler farms were 3.4%, 30.3% and 6.5% respectively. A total of 32 Salmonella strains were isolated from different production segments within the same farming group, with an isolation rate of 8.6%, among which the isolation rates of Salmonella from broiler breeder farms, broiler hatcheries and commercial broiler farms were 2.0%, 14.0% and 9.2%, respectively. A total of 11 serotypes of Salmonella isolates were distributed, with the dominant serotype was S. enteritidis, followed by S. tennessee, S. gallinarum and S. javiana. There were differences in the dominant serovars of Salmonella in different production stages of broiler chickens, including S. enteritidis and S. nitra in broiler breeder farms; S. enteritidis, S. tennessee, and S. gallinarum in broiler hatcheries; and S. enteritidis, S. javiana, and S. gallinarum in commercial broiler farms. Except for five strains of S. eschweiler isolated from feed, all Salmonella serotypes isolated from different production segments within the same farming group were S. enteritidis. The PFGE typing results of Salmonella isolates from different production segments of broiler chickens showed that the PFGE homology of Salmonella from different serotypes was low; the PFGE band spectra of most S. enteritidis belonged to clustering group I, with a degree of similarity of 93.1%; and there were identical PFGE spectra of S. enteritidis isolated from different production segments in the same breeding group.【Conclusion】The isolation rate of Salmonella in various production segments of broiler in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region varies greatly, mainly dominated by the epidemic transmission of S. enteritidis, and there is vertical clonal transmission of S. enteritidis between different production links of broilers; breeders are an important source of Salmonella infection in broilers, the environment of the farms and feeds are also one of the sources of Salmonella infections in broilers.Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the purification of Salmonella in breeder chickens, and at the same time to do a good job in the prevention and control of Salmonella in other production links, in order to guarantee the healthy breeding of broiler chickens and the security of public hygiene.

Key words: broilers, Salmonella, production stages, serotype, PFGE

刘芳琴, 崔明全, 张璐, 陈玉, 王鹤佳, 张纯萍. 京津冀地区肉鸡不同生产环节沙门菌的流行和传播[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(1): 192-202.

LIU FangQin, CUI MingQuan, ZHANG Lu, CHEN Yu, WANG HeJia, ZHANG ChunPing. Prevalence and Transmission of Salmonella Among Different Broiler Breeding Processes in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(1): 192-202.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.015

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2025/V58/I1/192

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生产环节 Production link	样品来源 Sample source	样品类型 Sample type	采样场数 Number of sample fields	采样数量 Number of samples
肉种鸡养殖场 Broiler breeder farm	种鸡Breeder	泄殖腔Cloaca	5	324
肉鸡孵化场 Broiler hatchery	弱/死胚 Weak/dead embryo	卵黄囊Yolk sac	7	599
肉鸡孵化场 Broiler hatchery	健康鸡胚 Healthy chicken embryo	卵黄囊Yolk sac	7	148
商品化肉鸡养殖场 Commercial broiler farm	肉鸡Broiler	泄殖腔拭子、盲肠 Cloacal swab, cecum	15	1438
	环境Environment	设施表面Facility	1	33
	饲料Feed	饲料Feed		19
	饮水Drinking water	饮用水Drinking water		11
总计 Total			28	2572

生产环节 Production link	分离株数（分离率） Number of isolates (Segregation rate%)	血清型（株数） Serotype (Number of plants)
肉种鸡养殖场Broiler breeder farm	11(3.4%)	肠炎Enteritidis(4)、尼特拉Nitra(3)、韦登斯维尔Waedenswil(1)、II(3)
肉鸡孵化场 Broiler hatchery	226(30.3%)	肠炎Enteritidis(157),、田纳西Tennessee(27)、鸡白痢Gallinarum(13)、恩多洛Ndolo(5)、尼特拉Nitra(4)、II(17)、不可分型Undetermined(3)
商品化肉鸡养殖场 Commercial broiler farm	98(6.5%)	肠炎Enteritidis(34)、爪哇纳Javiana(17)、鸡白痢Gallinarum(8)、因冈达Inganda(6)、马流产Abortusequi(3)、甲型副伤寒Paratyphi A(2)、尼特拉Nitra(1) 、II(14)、埃施魏勒Eschweiler(5)、不可分型Undetermined(8)

生产环节 Production link	采样数量 Number of samples (Copies)	样品来源 Sample source	分离株数（分离率%） Number of isolates (Segregation rate%)	血清型（株数） Serotype (Number of plants)
肉种鸡养殖场 Broiler breeder farms	100	种鸡Breeders	2 (2.0%)	肠炎Enteritidis(2)
肉鸡孵化场 Broiler hatchery	100	鸡胚Chicken embryos	14(14.0%)	肠炎Enteritidis(14)
商品化肉鸡养殖场 Commercial broiler farms	110	肉鸡Broiler	10(9.1%)	肠炎Enteritidis(10)
	33	环境Environment	1 (3.0%)	肠炎Enteritidis(1)
	19	饲料Feed	5 (26.3%)	埃施魏勒Eschweiler(5)
	11	饮用水Drinking water	0	/