中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (5): 1025-1036.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.05.014
房昊源1(),杨亮1,王洪壮1,曹锦承1,任万平2,魏胜娟1(
),颜培实1
收稿日期:
2021-01-12
接受日期:
2021-07-28
出版日期:
2022-03-01
发布日期:
2022-03-08
通讯作者:
魏胜娟
作者简介:
房昊源,E-mail: 基金资助:
FANG HaoYuan1(),YANG Liang1,WANG HongZhuang1,CAO JinCheng1,REN WanPing2,WEI ShengJuan1(
),YAN PeiShi1
Received:
2021-01-12
Accepted:
2021-07-28
Online:
2022-03-01
Published:
2022-03-08
Contact:
ShengJuan WEI
摘要:
【目的】探讨南方夏季高温高湿气候条件下,横向交互送风系统对肉牛舍温热环境、肉牛生理生化指标及生产性能的影响,以期评价此肉牛防暑环境调控系统的技术经济效果。【方法】试验采用单因子完全随机设计,选择健康、体重相近((290.05±7.60)kg)的8月龄西门塔尔公牛30头,随机区组饲养于2栋相邻且构造相同的钟楼式棚舍中,试验组所在牛舍加装横向交互送风系统,对照组所在牛舍采用自然通风。试验期为2019年6月30日至7月16日,共17 d,其中预试期为前3 d,正式期为后14 d。正式试验期内前7 d,于每日的5:00、10:00、14:00、18:00、22:00测定舍内风速、干球温度和湿球温度,计算温湿指数和体感温度,并同时测定肉牛的直肠温度和呼吸频率。在全部正式试验期间,每天记录每圈栏的投料量,并于次日上午6点对剩料进行清理和称重,计算采食量。于正式试验期内第1和14天的上午7:00—8:00,对所有试验牛进行空腹称重,记录始末体重,用于计算平均日增重和料重比等生产性能指标并进行经济效益评估;同时采集血液及粪便样本,用于测定血清中的无机离子、生化指标、激素水平及粪便中的皮质醇水平。【结果】(1)试验组的横向交互式送风系统处理可显著提高舍内风速(P < 0.01),从而极显著的降低试验组肉牛的体感温度、肉牛在10:00、14:00、18:00、22:00的直肠温度以及肉牛在10:00、14:00、18:00的呼吸频率(P < 0.01);与对照组肉牛相比,试验组肉牛直肠温度和呼吸频率随环境温度升高的增幅分别减少45%和42%;试验组与对照组的舍内干球温度、相对湿度及温湿指数差异不显著(P > 0.05)。(2)试验结束时,试验组肉牛血清中钙离子含量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),钾离子、钠离子、镁离子及氯离子含量均差异不显著(P > 0.05);血清生化指标结果显示,试验组肉牛血清中的热应激蛋白70、总蛋白、甘油三酯、葡萄糖含量均显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),血清白蛋白、球蛋白及总胆固醇含量差异不显著(P > 0.05);激素水平测定结果显示,试验组肉牛的粪便及血清中皮质醇水平均显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),三碘甲状腺原氨酸和甲状腺素在试验组和对照组间差异均不显著(P > 0.05)。(3)生产性能测定显示,试验组与对照组肉牛的初始体重及结束体重均差异不显著(P > 0.05),但试验组肉牛的平均日增重(P < 0.01)及平均干物质采食量(P < 0.05)显著高于对照组,料重比显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),利润可提高10.68%。【结论】横向交互送风可以显著增加舍内空气流速,降低体感温度,改善西门塔尔牛代谢,提高生产性能,增加高温高湿环境下肉牛生产的经济效益。
房昊源, 杨亮, 王洪壮, 曹锦承, 任万平, 魏胜娟, 颜培实. 夏季横向交互送风系统对肉牛生理和生产性能的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(5): 1025-1036.
FANG HaoYuan, YANG Liang, WANG HongZhuang, CAO JinCheng, REN WanPing, WEI ShengJuan, YAN PeiShi. Effects of Cross-Ventilation System on Physiology and Production Performance of Beef Cattle in Summer[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(5): 1025-1036.
表1
精料组成及营养水平(风干基础,%)"
项目Items | 含量 Content(%) |
---|---|
精料组成 Composition | |
玉米 Corn | 50.0 |
小麦麸皮 Wheat bran | 5.0 |
豆粕 Soybean meal | 9.0 |
花生粕 Peanut meal | 10.0 |
玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal | 7.5 |
玉米干酒糟Corn DDG | 12.5 |
小苏打 NaHCO3 | 1.5 |
石粉 Limestone | 1.0 |
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 1.5 |
预混料1) Premix | 1.0 |
食盐 Salt | 1.0 |
合计 Total | 100.0 |
营养水平2) Nutrient levels | |
增重净能 NEg(MJ/kg) | 6.23 |
干物质 DM | 90.27 |
有机物 OM | 81.55 |
粗蛋白 CP | 17.95 |
粗脂肪 EE | 3.61 |
钙 Ca | 1.22 |
总磷TP | 0.55 |
表3
两组牛的血清无机离子"
项目Items | 组别Groups | 第1天 The 1st day | 第14天 The 14th day |
---|---|---|---|
K+ (mmol·L-1) | 对照组 Control group | 4.21±0.17 | 4.31±0.06 |
试验组 Treatment group | 4.38±0.08 | 4.67±0.18 | |
Na+ (mmol·L-1) | 对照组 Control group | 162.64±3.17 | 164.39±4.22 |
试验组 Treatment group | 172.11±5.67 | 173.85±5.38 | |
Ca2+ (mmol·L-1) | 对照组 Control group | 2.19a±0.02 | 2.50bx±0.05 |
试验组 Treatment group | 2.19±0.01 | 2.27y±0.03 | |
Mg2+ (mmol·L-1) | 对照组 Control group | 1.33±0.01 | 1.32±0.01 |
试验组 Treatment group | 1.33±0.01 | 1.32±0.01 | |
Cl- (mmol·L-1) | 对照组 Control group | 95.72±0.19 | 95.45±0.29 |
试验组 Treatment group | 96.58±0.37 | 96.05±0.39 |
表4
两组牛的血液生化指标"
项目Items | 组别Groups | 第1天 The 1st day | 第14天 The 14th day |
---|---|---|---|
总蛋白TP (g·L-1) | 对照组 Control group | 55.06a±1.70 | 48.83bx±1.11 |
试验组 Treatment group | 54.10±2.89 | 55.48y±1.62 | |
白蛋白ALB (g·L-1) | 对照组 Control group | 27.85±1.14 | 25.05±0.77 |
试验组 Treatment group | 27.81±2.56 | 25.75±0.59 | |
球蛋白GLB (g·L-1) | 对照组 Control group | 27.21±2.10 | 23.78±1.62 |
试验组 Treatment group | 26.29±4.40 | 31.08±2.60 | |
总胆固醇T-CHO (mmol·L-1) | 对照组 Control group | 3.79±0.24 | 3.34±0.24 |
试验组 Treatment group | 3.61±0.16 | 3.29±0.20 | |
甘油三酯TG (mmol·L-1) | 对照组 Control group | 0.99±0.06 | 0.97x±0.04 |
试验组 Treatment group | 1.10a±0.02 | 1.25by±0.07 | |
葡萄糖Glu (mmol·L-1) | 对照组 Control group | 5.09±0.29 | 4.96x±0.33 |
试验组 Treatment group | 5.56±0.36 | 6.09y±0.46 | |
热应激蛋白70 HSP70 (pg·mL-1) | 对照组 Control group | 457.22a±29.41 | 583.57bx±26.56 |
试验组 Treatment group | 467.30±21.54 | 445.20y±19.04 |
表5
两组牛的激素水平"
项目Items | 组别Groups | 第1天 The 1st day | 第14天 The 14th day |
---|---|---|---|
三碘甲腺原氨酸 T3 (nmol·L-1) | 对照组 Control group | 10.97±0.93 | 8.24±1.49 |
试验组 Treatment group | 9.45±0.46 | 8.33±0.97 | |
甲状腺素T4 (nmol·L-1) | 对照组 Control group | 126.31±10.93 | 101.95±4.99 |
试验组 Treatment group | 123.62±13.27 | 120.93±7.41 | |
血清皮质醇Serum cortisol (ng·mL-1) | 对照组 Control group | 153.01±17.32 | 175.82x±4.57 |
试验组 Treatment group | 156.51±9.25 | 159.33y±5.02 | |
粪便皮质醇Fecal cortisol (ng·g-1) | 对照组 Control group | 11.78a±0.66 | 20.16bx±1.58 |
试验组 Treatment group | 13.16±0.99 | 11.31y±0.94 |
表7
经济效益对比"
项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
对照组Control | 试验组Treatment | ||||
收益 Economic | 平均日增重Average daily weight gain (kg/(头?d)) | 1.43 | 1.64 | ||
单价Unit price (元/kg) | 30.00 | 30.00 | |||
增重收入 Income (元/(头?d)) | 42.90 | 49.20 | |||
成本 Cost | 风机投入成本 Cost of funs | 用电量 Electricity consumption (kWh/(头?d)) | 0 | 1.78 | |
电价 Electricity price (元/(kWh)) | 0.53 | 0.53 | |||
电费 Electric charge (元/(头·d)) | 0 | 0.94 | |||
折旧成本 Depreciation (元/(头·d)) | 0 | 2.56 | |||
风机成本总计 Total cost of turbine (元/(头·d)) | 0 | 3.50 | |||
日粮成本 Cost of diet | 日粮消耗量 Daily diet consumption (kg/(头·d)) | 22.90 | 23.32 | ||
日粮折合单价 Unit price of diet (元/kg) | 0.88 | 0.88 | |||
日粮成本总计 Total cost of diet (元/(头·d)) | 20.15 | 20.52 | |||
总成本 Total cost (元/(头·d)) | 20.15 | 24.02 | |||
毛利润 Gross benefits (元/(头·d)) | 22.75 | 25.18 | |||
毛利润增值 Gross benefit increment (%) | — | 10.68 |
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