白头翁皂苷B4对犊牛生长性能、消化代谢和瘤胃发酵的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.04.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过探究白头翁皂苷B4对犊牛生长性能、消化代谢和瘤胃发酵参数的影响。为新型饲料添加剂的开发提供理论基础。【方法】试验选取60头新生荷斯坦公犊牛，随机分为4组（每组15头），分别饲喂0（C组）、15（A1组）、30（A2组）、45（A3组）mg·d^-1的白头翁皂苷B4。试验周期为56d。在犊牛14、28、42和56日龄晨饲前称量体重，并在28、42和56日龄晨饲后2 h采集瘤胃液，测定瘤胃发酵参数。分别在42和63日龄进行两期消化代谢试验，测定营养物质表观消化率和能氮代谢指标。【结果】（1）白头翁皂苷B4对哺乳期犊牛体重和干物质采食量无显著影响（P>0.05），但犊牛14—28日龄的平均日增重与白头翁皂苷B4呈显著正相关（P<0.05），饲料转化比与添加量呈显著负相关（P<0.05），其中A3组犊牛的平均日增重显著高于C组（P<0.05），饲料转化比显著低于C组（P<0.05）。（2）A3组犊牛7—56日龄和7—14日龄的粪便评分和腹泻率显著低于C组（P<0.05），A2组犊牛15—28日龄的粪便评分和腹泻率显著低于C组（P<0.05），白头翁皂苷B4的作用效果与添加剂量之间存在显著负相关性（P<0.05）；29—42和43—56日龄犊牛的粪便评分和腹泻率在各组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。（3）断奶前，A3组犊牛干物质采食量显著低于C组（P<0.05），A2组犊牛干物质采食量有低于C组的趋势（0.05≤P<0.10），犊牛的干物质采食量随白头翁皂苷B4添加量的增加显著降低（P<0.05），白头翁皂苷B4对犊牛干物质（DM）、粗蛋白（CP）、粗脂肪（EE）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）表观消化率的影响差异均不显著（P>0.05）；断奶后，A2组犊牛的DM和NDF的表观消化率有高于A1组的趋势（0.05≤P<0.10），ADF表观消化率显著高于A1组（P<0.05）；A2组犊牛EE的表观消化率有随白头翁皂苷B4添加量的增加而升高的趋势（0.05≤P<0.10）。（4）断奶前，C组犊牛摄入总能显著高于A3组（P<0.05），同时有高于A2组的趋势（0.05≤P<0.10），A1组犊牛摄入总能也显著高于A3组（P<0.05）；断奶后，C组犊牛粪能有高于A2组的趋势（0.05≤P<0.10），A2组总能消化率有高于A1组的趋势（0.05≤P<0.10），总能代谢率显著高于A1组（P<0.05）,且有高于C组的趋势（0.05≤P<0.10）。（5）断奶前，各组间粪氮、尿氮、氮消化率和氮沉积率差异不显著（P>0.05），C组摄入总氮显著高于A3组（P<0.05）；断奶后，各组之间氮代谢指标差异不显著（P>0.05）。（6）四组犊牛瘤胃发酵参数差异不显著（P>0.05）。【结论】在哺乳期犊牛代乳品中添加白头翁皂苷B4可以显著提高哺乳期犊牛14—28日龄的平均日增重，降低料肉比和腹泻率，提高饲料转化效率，也可以提高断奶后犊牛的干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率，促进对总能的消化率和代谢率，同时对犊牛瘤胃发酵指标没有不良影响。综合考虑，推荐添加剂量为45 mg·d^-1。

关键词: 白头翁皂苷B4, 犊牛, 生长性能, 营养消化, 瘤胃发酵

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Anemoside B4 on growth performance, digestion and metabolism, and rumen fermentation parameters of calves, so as to provide a theoretical basis for developing new feed additives. 【Method】In this experiment, sixty newborn Holstein male calves were randomly divided into 4 groups (15 calves in each group) and fed 0 (group C), 15 (group A1), 30 (group A2), and 45 (group A3) mg/d of Anemoside B4, respectively. The test period was 56 days. The calves were weighed before morning feeding at the ages of 14, 28, 42 and 56 days, and rumen fluid was collected two hours after morning feeding at the ages of 28, 42 and 56 days. Two stages of digestion and metabolism tests were carried out at 42 and 63 days, respectively, and the apparent digestibility of nutrients and the indexes of energy and nitrogen metabolism were measured. 【Result】(1) Anemoside B4 had no significant effect on the body weight (BW) and dry matter intake (DMI) of suckling calves (P>0.05), but the average daily gain (ADG) of calves aged 14-28 days was significantly positively correlated with Anemoside B4 (P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio was significantly negatively correlated with the addition amount (P<0.05). The ADG of calves in group A3 was significantly higher than that in group C (P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower (P<0.05). (2) The fecal score and diarrhea incidence of calves aged 7-56 days and 7-14 days in group A3 were significantly lower than those in group C (P<0.05), and the fecal score and diarrhea incidence of calves aged 15-28 days in group A2 were significantly lower (P<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between the effect of Anemoside B4 and the dosage (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in fecal score and diarrhea incidence between 29-42 and 43-56 days of age (P>0.05). (3) Before weaning, the dry matter intake of calves in group A3 was significantly lower than that in group C (P<0.05), and the dry matter intake of calves in group A2 was lower than that in group C (0.05≤P<0.10). The dry matter intake of calves decreased significantly with the increase of Anemoside B4 (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of calves (P>0.05). After weaning, the apparent digestibility of DM and NDF in group A2 tended to be higher than that in group A1 (0.05≤P<0.10), and the apparent digestibility of ADF was significantly higher than that in group A1 (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of EE in group A2 calves had a trend to increase with the increase of Anemoside B4 (0.05≤P<0.10). (4) Before weaning, total energy intake of calves in group C was significantly higher than that in group A3 (P<0.05) and had a trend higher than that in group A2 (0.05≤P<0.10). Total energy intake of calves in group A1 was also significantly higher than that in group A3 (P<0.05). After weaning, the fecal energy in group C was higher than that in group A2 (0.05≤P<0.10), while the gross energy digestibility in group A2 was higher than that in group A1 (0.05≤P<0.10), and the gross energy metabolic rate was significantly higher than that in group A1 (P<0.05) and had a higher trend than that in group C (0.05≤P<0.10). (5) Before weaning, there were no significant differences in fecal nitrogen, urinary nitrogen, nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen deposition rate among all groups (P>0.05), and the total nitrogen intake in group C was significantly higher than that in group A3 (P<0.05). After weaning, there was no significant difference in nitrogen metabolism indexes among all groups (P>0.05). (6) There was no significant difference in rumen fermentation parameters among four groups (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】 The addition of Anemoside B4 could significantly increase the average daily gain of suckling calves at 14-28 days, reduce the feed conversion ratio and diarrhea incidence, improve the feed conversion efficiency, improve the apparent digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of suckling calves, promote the digestibility and metabolic rate of total energy, and had no adverse effect on the rumen fermentation index of calves. Considering comprehensively, the recommended amount of additive was 45 mg/d.

Key words: Anemoside B4, calves, growth performance, nutrition digestion, rumen fermentation

卢猛, 胡凤明, 屠焰, 刁其玉. 白头翁皂苷B4对犊牛生长性能、消化代谢和瘤胃发酵的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(4): 754-765.

LU Meng, HU FengMing, TU Yan, DIAO QiYu. Effects of Anemoside B4 on Growth Performance, Nutrition Digestion and Rumen Fermentation of Calves[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(4): 754-765.

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营养水平 Nutrient level	含量 Content
干物质 DM (%)	95.61
粗蛋白质 CP (%)	25.21
粗脂肪 EE (%)	16.66
粗灰分 Ash (%)	5.51
中性洗涤纤维 NDF (%)	4.02
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF (%)	2.11
总钙 Ca (%)	0.47
总磷 P (%)	0.27
总能 GE/(MJ·kg^-1)	19.86

原料 Ingredient	含量 Content (%)	营养水平Nutrient level²⁾
玉米 Corn	30	干物质 DM (%)	90.25
豆粕 Soybean meal	25	粗蛋白质 CP (%)	23.36
麸皮 Wheat bran	9.5	粗脂肪 EE (%)	4.37
小麦粉 Wheat flour	6	粗灰分 Ash (%)	11.47
大豆皮 Soybean hulls	6.5	中性洗涤纤维 NDF (%)	34.49
棉粕 Cottonseed meal	5.5	酸性洗涤纤维 ADF (%)	11.15
次粉 Wheat middling	6	总钙 Ca (%)	1.33
玉米酒精糟 DDGS	5	总磷 P (%)	0.60
玉米胚芽粉 Corn germ meal	2	总能 GE/(MJ·kg^-1)	15.45
细石粉 Limestone	2.2
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO₄	0.5
食盐 NaCl	0.8
预混料 Premix¹⁾	1
合计 Total	100

项目 Item	外观 Appearance	干物质含量 Dry matter content (%)	评分 Score
正常 Normal	条形或颗粒 Bars or granules	>30	1
轻度 Mild	软粪，能成型 Soft manure, can be formed	25-30	2
中度 Moderate	稠状，不成形，粪水无分离现象 Thick, shapeless, no separation of manure, and water	20-25	3
严重 Serious	液状，不成形，粪水有分离现象 Liquid, not shaped, separation of manure, and water	<20	4

项目 Item	组别 Group				SEM	P值 P value
项目 Item	C	A1	A2	A3	SEM	线性 L	二次 Q
体重 Body weight (kg)
初重Initial weight	41.84	41.47	41.42	41.59	0.593	0.891	0.821
末重Final weight	67.83	67.21	68.12	68.47	0.871	0.722	0.785
全期增长率Period growth rate (%)	62.36	62.64	64.88	65.47	1.432	0.378	0.957
平均日增重 ADG(kg)
14-18日龄14-28 days of age	0.30b	0.32ab	0.38ab	0.41a	0.017	0.013	0.961
29-42日龄29-42 days of age	0.70	0.74	0.70	0.77	0.022	0.375	0.768
43-56日龄43-56 days of age	0.86	0.77	0.82	0.74	0.024	0.162	0.998
干物质采食量 DMI(kg)
14-18日龄14-28 days of age	0.78	0.78	0.78	0.79	0.014	0.791	0.847
29-42日龄29-42 days of age	1.17	1.16	1.13	1.18	0.017	0.957	0.467
43-56日龄43-56 days of age	1.42	1.44	1.44	1.45	0.024	0.687	0.890
饲料转化比 FCR
14-18日龄14-28 days of age	4.33a	2.94ab	2.15b	2.11b	0.340	0.014	0.308
29-42日龄29-42 days of age	1.82	1.59	1.65	1.62	0.053	0.257	0.331
43-56日龄43-56 days of age	1.72	1.94	2.15	2.02	0.130	0.339	0.513

项目 Item	组别 Group				SEM	P值 P value
项目 Item	C	A1	A2	A3	SEM	处理 T	线性 L	二次 Q
粪便评分 Fecal score
7-56日龄7-56 days of age	2.3a	2.11ab	2.09b	2.06b	0.037	0.021	0.025	0.264
7-14日龄7-14 days of age	2.88a	2.65ab	2.58ab	2.44b	0.065	0.017	0.018	0.72
15-28日龄15-28 days of age	2.44a	2.22ab	2.08a	2.16ab	0.052	0.014	0.035	0.144
29-42日龄29-42 days of age	2.35	2.06	2.25	2.03	0.059	0.176	0.152	0.775
43-56日龄43-56 days of age	1.79	1.72	1.66	1.76	0.045	0.792	0.747	0.381
腹泻率 Diarrhea incidence
7-56日龄7-56 days of age	36.27a	27.73ab	27.73ab	24.53b	1.722	0.016	0.022	0.428
7-14日龄7-14 days of age	64.17a	50.00ab	49.17ab	40.00b	3.929	0.031	0.038	0.748
15-28日龄15-28 days of age	40.95a	30.95ab	23.81b	26.67ab	2.816	0.032	0.047	0.249
29-42日龄29-42 days of age	37.14	25.24	33.33	22.86	2.875	0.255	0.178	0.901
43-56日龄43-56 days of age	14.76	13.81	13.81	15.24	1.768	0.990	0.930	0.744