冬小麦-夏玉米周年农田资源高效利用限制因素分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.19.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】随着耕地面积的减少、人口数量的增加以及社会经济的迅速发展,增加单位面积作物产量是提升粮食总产量、确保我国粮食安全的重要途径。探索农田资源高效利用途径及限制因素,为提高作物单位面积产量提供指导。【方法】本研究以冬小麦、夏玉米为研究对象,在山东省4个生态区域（鲁东、鲁中、鲁西北及鲁西南）,利用模拟模型等方法研究2008—2017年不同气候、栽培管理条件下作物产量,提出定量化评价指标,分析并明确影响各生态区域资源利用及产量提升的主要限制因素。【结果】（1）鲁东地区冬小麦生长季受光温资源、品种、栽培模式、水资源、氮肥资源因素影响率分别为16.96%、20.68%、1.39%、60.97%、0;鲁中地区受各因素影响率分别为37.72%、20.16%、1.57%、40.55%、0;鲁西北地区分别为17.90%、19.11%、1.20%、61.79%、0;鲁西南地区分别为33.65%、23.80%、1.65%、40.90%、0。（2）鲁东地区夏玉米生长季受光温资源、品种、栽培模式、水资源、氮肥资源因素影响率分别为49.11%、9.07%、10.64%、31.18%和0;鲁中地区受各限制因素影响率分别为56.62%、10.86%、11.65%、20.87%、0;鲁西北地区各因素影响率分别为43.01%、18.95%、11.26%、26.78%和0;鲁西南地区各因素影响率分别为64.42%、5.44%、15.84%、14.30%和0。【结论】冬小麦生长季鲁东、鲁西北地区农田资源主要受水分资源限制,其次是光温资源和品种的限制,栽培模式和氮肥资源影响不大。鲁中、鲁西南地区则主要受光温资源和水分资源的共同影响,其次受品种因素限制。夏玉米生长季4个地区均受光温资源因素影响最大,水资源次之,品种和栽培模式影响较小。

关键词: 冬小麦, 夏玉米, 资源利用, 产量, 限制因素

Abstract:

【Objective】With the decrease of cultivated land area, the increase of population and the rapid development of social economy, increasing crop yield per unit area is an important way to improve the total grain yield and ensure the food security in China. It is of great significance to explore the way of high efficiency and limiting factors to improve the unit yield. 【Method】 In this study, winter wheat and summer maize were taken as the research objects. In four ecological regions of Shandong province (eastern Shandong, central Shandong, northwestern Shandong and southwestern Shandong), the simulation model and other methods were employed to study yield under different climate and cultivation management conditions in 2008-2017, to put forward quantitative evaluation indicators, to analyze and clarify the main limiting factors affecting resource utilization and yield.【Result】(1) In the growth season of winter wheat in the eastern Shandong, the influencing rates of light and temperature resource, variety, cultivation pattern, water resource and nitrogen resource were 16.96%, 20.68%, 1.39%, 60.97% and 0, respectively, those in central Shandong were 37.72%, 20.16%, 1.57%, 40.55% and 0, and those in northwestern Shandong were 17.90%, 19.11%, 1.20%, 61.79%, 0, respectively; Those in southwestern Shandong were 33.65%, 23.80%, 1.65%, 40.90% and 0 respectively. (2) In the growth season of summer maize in the eastern Shandong, the influencing rates of light and temperature resource, variety, cultivation mode, water resource and nitrogen resource were 49.11%, 9.07%, 10.64%, 31.18% and 0, respectively; In central Shandong, the influence rates of each limiting factor were 56.62%, 10.86%, 11.65%, 20.87% and 0, respectively; In northwestern Shandong, the influence rates of each factor were 43.01%, 18.95% 11.26%, 26.78% and 0; Those in southwestern Shandong were 64.42%, 5.44%, 15.84%, 14.30% and 0, respectively. 【Conclusion】 In the winter wheat growing season, the farmland resources in the eastern and northwestern Shandong were mainly limited by water resource, followed by light and temperature resource and variety, and the cultivation mode and nitrogen resource had little influence. In the central and southwestern Shandong, it was mainly affected by light and temperature resource and water resources, followed by the variety factors. The growth season of maize in the four regions was influenced by light and temperature resource, followed by water resource, and less by varieties and cultivation patterns.

Key words: winter wheat, summer maize, resource utilization, yield, limiting factors

刘肖瑜,张豆豆,焦进宇,陈国庆,李勇. 冬小麦-夏玉米周年农田资源高效利用限制因素分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(19): 3900-3914.

LIU XiaoYu,ZHANG DouDou,JIAO JinYu,CHEN GuoQing,LI Yong. Analysis on Limiting Factors of Efficient Utilization of Winter Wheat and Summer Maize Farmland Resources[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(19): 3900-3914.

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生长季 Growth season	参数 Parameter	鲁东 ES	鲁中 CS	鲁西北 NS	鲁西南 SS
冬小麦季 Winter wheat season	太阳辐射Solar radiation (MJ·m^-2)	3362.75	3141.43	3387.37	3136.13
	平均温度Average temperature (℃)	7.92	8.91	7.77	8.73
	降水量Precipitation (mm)	182.32	193.05	127.56	190.86
夏玉米季 Summer maize season	太阳辐射Solar radiation (MJ·m^-2)	2389.75	2083.91	2340.37	2113.68
	平均温度Average temperature (℃)	24.47	25.12	24.70	24.90
	降水量Precipitation (mm)	462.01	463.10	453.65	491.45

生长季 Growth season	ε	ψ	Ω	α	β	ρ	γ	ω	η	ζ	q	s
冬小麦季 Winter wheat season	0.224	0.49	0.85	0.10	0.07	0.10	0.05	0.33	0.14	0.08	17.58	0.40
夏玉米季 Summer maize season	0.224	0.49	1.00	0.08	0.06	0.10	0.01	0.30	0.15	0.08	17.20	0.40

	生态区 Ecological region	适宜生育期内有效积温 GDD (℃·d)	适宜生育期获得产量 Available yield (kg·hm^-2)	光温生产潜力 Light-temperature potential productivity (kg·hm^-2)	匹配系数 Matching coefficient
冬小麦季 Wheat season	鲁东ES	2289.22	9845.51	11172.61	0.8812
	鲁中CS	2377.91	8369.21	11792.80	0.7097
	鲁西北NS	2191.03	9692.29	11310.78	0.8569
	鲁西南SS	2239.41	8419.19	11375.36	0.7401
夏玉米季 Maize season	鲁东ES	2697.94	11531.90	21039.04	0.5481
	鲁中CS	2740.21	10616.70	18997.41	0.5589
	鲁西北NS	2802.96	11441.68	20836.07	0.5491
	鲁西南SS	2724.02	10848.45	19031.06	0.5701

品种参数 Variety parameter	冬小麦Winter wheat		夏玉米Summer maize
品种参数 Variety parameter	春化敏感性参数 Vern_sens	光周期敏感性参数 Photop_sens	出苗-拔节积温 tt_emerg_to_endjuv (℃·d)	开花-成熟积温 tt_flower_to_maturity (℃·d)
处理1 Level1	0.3 (VS1)	0.3 (PS1)	200 (EE1)	600 (FM1)
处理2 Level2	0.7 (VS2)	0.7 (PS2)	215 (EE2)	650 (FM2)
处理3 Level3	1.1 (VS3)	1.1 (PS3)	225 (EE3)	700 (FM3)
处理4 Level4	1.5 (VS4)	1.5 (PS4)	245 (EE4)	750 (FM4)
处理5 Level5	1.9 (VS5)	1.9 (PS5)	250 (EE5)	800 (FM5)
处理6 Level6	2.3 (VS6)	2.3 (PS6)	255 (EE6)	850 (FM6)
处理7 Level7	2.7 (VS7)	2.7 (PS7)	265 (EE7)	900 (FM7)
处理8 Level8	3.1 (VS8)	3.1 (PS8)	275 (EE8)	950 (FM8)
处理9 Level9	3.5 (VS9)	3.5 (PS9)	285 (EE9)	1000 (FM9)
处理10 Level10	3.9 (VS10)	3.9 (PS10)	300 (EE10)	1050 (FM10)
处理11 Level11	4.3 (VS11)	4.3 (PS11)	325 (EE11)	1100 (FM11)
处理12 Level12	4.7 (VS12)	4.7 (PS12)	350 (EE12)	1150 (FM12)
处理13 Level13	5.0 (VS13)	5.0 (PS13)	375 (EE13)	1200 (FM13)
处理14 Level14	—	—	400 (EE14)	1250 (FM14)

作物Crop	参数Parameter	鲁东ES	鲁中CS	鲁西北NS	鲁西南SS
冬小麦 Winter wheat	春化敏感性系数 Vern_sens	3.5	4.3	3.1	4.3
	光周期敏感性系数 Photop_sens	3.5	3.9	3.9	3.9
	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	10298.38	9508.68	10344.53	9999.54
	匹配系数 Matching coefficient	0.8552	0.8449	0.8473	0.8162
夏玉米 Summer maize	出苗至拔节期积温tt_emerg_to_endjuv (℃·d)	200	200	200	255
	开花至成熟积温 tt_flower_to_maturity (℃·d)	1150	1200	1250	1100
	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	12582.62	11598.12	14279.07	11256.58
	匹配系数 Matching coefficient	0.9165	0.9154	0.8013	0.9637