免耕对农田土壤持水特性和有机碳储量影响的区域差异

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.18.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】分析耕作对土壤碳储量的影响,明确我国东北、华北地区的科学耕作方式,为区域优化耕作模式、改善土壤提供依据。【方法】基于吉林公主岭（GZL）、山西寿阳（SSY）、河北廊坊（HLF）、山西临汾（SLF）4个长期定位试验,选择传统耕作（CT）、免耕（NT）两个耕作处理,分析耕作对有机碳影响的区域差异。【结果】（1）免耕对土壤容重和紧实度影响存在区域性差异,显著提高了东北冷凉区黏质黑土（公主岭）和华北砂质潮土（廊坊）的土壤容重和紧实度,土壤容重分别增加了12.1%、0.7%,但降低了黄土高原东部粉砂壤质黄土（临汾）和砂壤质褐土（寿阳）的土壤容重和紧实度,土壤容重分别降低了1.5%、8.2%。（2）公主岭试验点0、10 kPa土壤体积含水量处理间差异显著,免耕较传统耕作分别提高了40.4%、30.1%;寿阳试验点0、10、500 kPa下免耕较传统耕作土壤体积含水量分别降低了6.4%、4.3%、5.9%,350 kPa下提高了2.1%;廊坊试验点10、350、500 kPa免耕下土壤体积含水量分别提高了0.6%、5.6%、2.6%;临汾试验点0和10 kPa免耕下土壤体积含水量分别降低了7.1%、5.5%,350 和500 kPa土壤体积含水量分别提高了2.9%、8.9%。（3）在4个区域,免耕显著提高了0—10 cm表层土壤有机碳储量,其中公主岭增加最显著,提高了45.4%;但免耕对0—80 cm土层总有机碳储量影响存在区域性差异,公主岭提高了7.2%,寿阳、廊坊、临汾分别降低了26.8%、31.3%、23.5%。（4）土壤有机碳与饱和含水量呈极显著正相关关系,而与年均温、年降水、紧实度具有显著负相关关系,有机碳储量受气候因子、持水能力、紧实度的影响显著。【结论】由于我国东北和华北地区气候、作物类型、土壤性质等不同,免耕对土壤有机碳储量影响存在区域性差异,可以显著提高各区域表层土壤有机碳储量,但仅提高了东北冷凉区黏质黑土（公主岭）土壤总有机碳储量。总体来说,免耕保护性耕作技术是提高表层有机碳储量的有效途径。

关键词: 免耕, 土壤有机碳, 土壤物理性质, 水分特征曲线, 区域

Abstract:

【Objective】Soil tillage is an important factor which affecting soil organic carbon, but the impact of tillage on soil organic carbon and the driving factors in different regions are still unknown. In this study, the regional variation in the effects of no-till on soil water retention and organic carbon pool were studied to improve regional soil tillage in the north of China. 【Method】The four typical long-term tillage experiments were selected, which was located in Shouyang (SSY) and Linfen (SLF) of Shanxi Province, Gongzhuling (GZL) of Jilin Province and Langfang (HLF) of Hebei Province. Two tillage treatments, including conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) , were selected to study the effects of tillage on organic carbon. 【Result】 (1) Soil bulk density and penetrometer resistance were significantly affected by no-tillage in different regions. Compared with CT, NT significantly increased the bulk density in black soil (GZL) and sandy soil (HLF), which was increased by 12.1% and 0.7%, respectively. But CT reduced the bulk density in fluvo-aquic soil (SLF) and cinnamon soil (SSY), which was decreased by 1.5% and 8.2%, respectively. (2) The soil water content of 0 and 10 kPa under NT in black soil (GZL) was significantly different, which were increased by 40.4% and 30.1%, respectively; the soil water content of 0, 10 and 500 kPa under NT in cinnamon soil (SSY) was reduced by 6.4%, 4.3%, and 5.9%, respectively, and which was increased by 2.1% at 350 kPa. The soil water content of 10 kPa, 350 kPa, and 500 kPa under NT in sandy soil (HLF) were increased by 0.6%, 5.6%, and 2.6%, respectively. The soil water content of 0 and 10 kPa under NT in fluvo-aquic soil (SLF) decreased by 7.1% and 5.5%, respectively, and the soil water content of 350kPa and 500kPa was increased by 2.9% and 8.9%, respectively. (3) Soil organic carbon was affected by no-tillage in different regions. Compared with CT, NT significantly increased the organic carbon storage in 0-80 cm layer in black soil (GZL); in cinnamon soil (SSY), fluvo-aquic soil (SLF) and sandy soil (HLF), NT decreased soil organic carbon storage by 26.8%, 31.3%, and 23.5%, respectively. (4) Soil organic carbon stocks were positive correlated with altitude and saturated moisture, which was negatively correlated with annual average temperature, annual precipitation, and penetrometer resistance. This showed that organic carbon storage was significantly affected by climatic factors, soil water retention and penetrometer resistance. 【Conclusion】No-tillage changed soil organic carbon stocks by affecting penetrometer resistance and soil water retention. However, due to differences in climate, crop and soil factors in northeast and north of China, the increase in soil organic carbon stocks was different. In general, conservation tillage was an effective way to increase the surface soil organic carbon storage.

Key words: no-tillage, soil organic carbon, soil physical properties, soil water characteristic curve, region

李婧妤,李倩,武雪萍,吴会军,宋霄君,张永清,刘晓彤,丁维婷,张孟妮,郑凤君. 免耕对农田土壤持水特性和有机碳储量影响的区域差异[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(18): 3729-3740.

LI JingYu,LI Qian,WU XuePing,WU HuiJun,SONG XiaoJun,ZHANG YongQing,LIU XiaoTong,DING WeiTing,ZHANG MengNi,ZHENG FengJun. Regional Variation in the Effects of No-Till on Soil Water Retention and Organic Carbon Pool[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(18): 3729-3740.

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地点 Site	试验起始年 Experiment starting year	年均气温 Annual average temperature (℃)	年均降水 Annual precipitation (mm)	作物 Crop	土壤类型 Soil type	土壤颗粒组成 Soil particle composition (%)
地点 Site	试验起始年 Experiment starting year	年均气温 Annual average temperature (℃)	年均降水 Annual precipitation (mm)	作物 Crop	土壤类型 Soil type	黏粒 (0-0.002 mm) Clay	粉粒 (0.002-0.05 mm) Silt	砂粒 (0.05-2 mm) Sand
吉林公主（GZL） Gongzhuling, Jilin	1990	5.6	594.8	春玉米 Spring corn	黑土 Black soil	31.1	29.9	39.1
山西寿阳（SSY） Shouyang, Shanxi	2003	7.4	461.8	春玉米 Spring corn	褐土 Cinnamon soil	5.6	63.9	30.5
河北廊坊（HLF） Langfang, Hebei	2009	11.9	550.0	冬小麦-夏玉米 Winter wheat- summer corn	潮土 Fluvo-aquic soil	4.1	51.4	44.5
山西临汾（SLF） Linfen, Shanxi	1992	10.7	555.0	冬小麦 Winter wheat	黄绵土 Loessal soil	5.2	73.9	20.9

试验点 Site	处理 Treatment	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	孔隙度 Total porosity (%)
吉林公主岭（GZL） Gongzhuling, Jilin	CT	1.33 ± 0.03b	0.49 ± 0.01a
吉林公主岭（GZL） Gongzhuling, Jilin	NT	1.49 ± 0.13a	0.44 ± 0.05b
山西寿阳（SSY） Shouyang, Shanxi	CT	1.46 ± 0.02a	0.45 ± 0.01b
山西寿阳（SSY） Shouyang, Shanxi	NT	1.34 ± 0.07b	0.49 ± 0.03a
河北廊坊（HLF） Langfang, Hebei	CT	1.46 ± 0.06a	0.45 ± 0.02a
河北廊坊（HLF） Langfang, Hebei	NT	1.47 ± 0.01a	0.44 ± 0.01a
山西临汾（SLF） Linfen, Shanxi	CT	1.38 ± 0.10a	0.47 ± 0.04a
山西临汾（SLF） Linfen, Shanxi	NT	1.36 ± 0.06a	0.49 ± 0.02a

试验点 Site	处理 Treatment	拟合参数值Fitting parameter value				相关系数 Correlation coefficient, R²
试验点 Site	处理 Treatment	θs	θr	α	n	相关系数 Correlation coefficient, R²
吉林公主岭（GZL） Gongzhuling, Jilin	CT	27.25	0.000048	0.01240	1.2942	0.9835
吉林公主岭（GZL） Gongzhuling, Jilin	NT	38.21	0.000090	0.11683	1.2028	0.9864
山西寿阳（SSY） Shouyang, Shanxi	CT	39.08	0.000853	0.03930	1.4887	0.9958
山西寿阳（SSY） Shouyang, Shanxi	NT	37.14	0.000130	0.03026	1.4947	0.9923
河北廊坊（HLF） Langfang, Hebei	CT	31.14	0.000002	0.04490	1.4784	0.9924
河北廊坊（HLF） Langfang, Hebei	NT	30.96	0.000005	0.04155	1.3655	0.9848
山西临汾（SLF） Linfen, Shanxi	CT	35.88	0.000457	0.05522	1.3415	0.9936
山西临汾（SLF） Linfen, Shanxi	NT	34.06	0.000713	0.04422	1.3097	0.9832

试验点	处理	有机碳储量 Organic carbon storage (t·hm^-2)
Site	Treatment	0-10 cm	比CT提高	10-20 cm	比CT提高	20-40 cm	比CT提高
			Increased than		Increased than		Increased than
			CT (%)		CT (%)		CT (%)
吉林公主（GZL）	CT	19.04 ± 0.96b		15.59 ± 0.56b		23.21 ± 0.02a
Gongzhuling, Jilin	NT	27.69 ± 1.52a	45.4	24.71 ± 0.19a	58.5	19.37 ± 0.72b	-16.5
山西寿阳（SSY）	CT	28.41 ± 1.19b		27.12 ± 0.42b		56.55 ± 4.89a
Shouyang, Shanxi	NT	31.81 ± 0.52a	11.9	29.62 ± 0.14a	9.2	24.49 ± 1.66b	-56.7
河北廊坊（HLF）	CT	10.56 ± 0.63b		9.06 ± 0.32a		12.14 ± 2.48a
Langfang, Hebei	NT	12.99 ± 0.99a	23.1	7.66 ± 0.69b	-15.5	4.96 ± 1.16b	-59.1
山西临汾（SLF）	CT	12.02 ± 0.67b		10.07 ± 0.58a		12.32 ± 2.67a
Linfen, Shanxi	NT	15.29 ± 0.62a	27.2	8.25 ± 0.33b	-18.1	6.26 ± 1.12b	-49.2
试验点	处理	有机碳储量 Organic carbon storage(t·hm^-2)
Site	Treatment	40-60 cm	比CT提高	60-80 cm	比CT提高	0-80 cm	比CT提高
			Increased than		Increased than		Increased than
			CT (%)		CT (%)		CT (%)
吉林公主（GZL）	CT	16.87 ± 0.28a		8.61 ± 0.36a		83.33 ± 0.89b
Gongzhuling, Jilin	NT	11.07 ± 1.79b	-34.4	6.24 ± 0.81b	-27.5	89.32 ± 0.21a	7.2
山西寿阳（SSY）	CT	28.68 ± 0.28a		11.69 ± 0.69a		154.09 ± 3.57a
Shouyang, Shanxi	NT	20.97 ± 0.14b	-26.9	5.92 ± 0.09b	-49.4	112.84 ± 1.81b	-26.8
河北廊坊（HLF）	CT	3.04 ± 0.31a		3.36 ± 1.96a		39.85 ± 1.75a
Langfang, Hebei	NT	1.45 ± 0.55b	-52.3	0.85 ± 0.14b	-74.7	27.37 ± 2.81b	-31.3
山西临汾（SLF）	CT	9.18 ± 2.06a		7.28 ± 1.32a		50.22 ± 4.06a
Linfen, Shanxi	NT	4.65 ± 0.29b	-49.3	3.71 ± 0.17b	-49.1	38.42 ± 0.45b	-23.5

	年均温 Annual average temperature	年降水 Annual precipitation	容重 Bulk density	黏粒含量 Clay	粉粒含量 Silt	砂粒含量 Sand	饱和含水量Saturated moisture	紧实度 Penetrometer resistance	有机碳储量 Organic C storage
年均温 Annual average temperature	1
年降水Annual precipitation	0.126	1
容重Bulk density	0.149	0.106	1
黏粒含量Clay	-0.132	0.101	-0.389	1
粉粒含量Silt	-0.368	0.023	-0.321	0.902^**	1
砂粒含量Sand	0.337	-0.035	0.335	-0.928^**	-0.998^**	1
饱和含水量 Saturated moisture	-0.381	-0.589^**	-0.524^**	0.381	0.317	-0.315	1
紧实度 Penetrometer resistance	-0.337	0.298	0.084	-0.308	-0.544^**	0.538^**	-0.154	1
有机碳储量 Organic C storage	-0.731^**	-0.708^**	-0.88	0.46	0.218	-0.194	0.627^**	-0.538^*	1