辽河平原玉米田不同施肥下的土壤氨挥发特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.18.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过不同施肥措施对氨气排放贡献的研究,获得辽河平原化肥施用本地化的氨排放因子,为大气环境和生态等领域的相关研究提供参考借鉴。【方法】于2018年5—10月在沈阳农业大学试验基地开展不同施肥措施下的氨气排放的大田试验,以基肥施树脂包衣缓释化肥、拔节期追施尿素为常规施肥方式,设置无氮处理（T0）、常规施肥减半（T1）、常规施肥+生物炭（T2）、常规施肥一次性施入（T3）、常规施肥（T4）5个处理。采用通气法在玉米全生育期内定时收集氨气,利用流动分析仪检测计算氨排放通量,同时测定土壤铵态氮含量。【结果】施基肥后氨挥发速率呈现双峰趋势,各处理分别于施基肥后第1—2天或第5—7天达到氨挥发速率最大值,施基肥后各处理氨挥发速率最大值表现为：常规施肥减半（T1）>常规施肥+生物炭（T2）>常规施肥一次性施入（T3）>常规施肥（T4）>无氮处理（T0）;施追肥后各处理均于第1—2天达到氨挥发速率最大值,追肥后各处理氨挥发速率最大值表现为：常规施肥（T4）>常规施肥+生物炭（T2）>常规施肥减半（T1）>常规施肥一次性施入（T3）>无氮处理（T0）。氨挥发损失累积量表现为常规施肥+生物炭（T2)>常规施肥（T4）>常规施肥一次性施入（T3）>常规施肥减半（T1）>无氮处理（T0）。各时期各处理间的土壤铵态氮含量差异并不显著,但土壤铵态氮含量和同时期土壤氨挥发速率呈现出相似的变化趋势,施追肥后两者的变化趋势比施基肥后更加相似。由于T1、T2、T4追肥期施尿素,尿素释放铵态氮比缓释化肥更加迅速,同时氨挥发也相对较快。整体来看,减少50%施氮量,氨挥发损失累积量只减少20%。各处理间生长季内氨挥发损失累积量差异显著,常规施肥+生物炭（T2）的氨挥发损失累积量最多,在施氮量相同的情况下,加施生物炭氨挥发损失累积量增加22%。全生长季施氮量相同的情况下,一次性施入缓释化肥而不采取尿素追肥的措施比以尿素作为追肥的措施的氨挥发累积量减少12%。【结论】氨挥发随着施氮量增加呈现边际递减效应。生物炭促进了农田氨挥发,玉米秸秆生物炭呈碱性,导致了氨挥发累积量的增加,但其具有孔隙度和比表面积大、吸附效果强的特点,可改良土壤和减少其他温室气体。一次性施入缓释化肥而不采取尿素追肥显著降低了氨挥发。

关键词: 氨排放因子, 氨挥发速率, 生物炭, 施肥, 玉米, 辽河平原

Abstract:

【Objective】This study was performed to explore the characteristics of ammonia (NH₃) volatilization from corn field affected by different fertilization measures, to understand the contribution of different fertilization measures to NH₃ emission, and to obtain the localized NH₃ emission factors of chemical fertilizer application in Liaohe plain, northeastern China, so as to provide reference for relevant research in the fields of atmospheric environment and ecology. 【Method】 A field experiment of NH₃ emission responses under different fertilization measures was carried out in the south experimental field of Shenyang agricultural university, Liaoning province from May to October 2018, which was set up with 5 treatments: no nitrogen treatment (T0), half-amount conventional fertilization (T1), conventional fertilization + biochar (T2), one-time conventional fertilization (T3), conventional fertilization (T4). The base fertilizer was coated with slow-release fertilizer and urea was applied at jointing stage. From May to October 2018, NH₃ gas was collected by aeration method, ammonium concentration was analyzed by continuous flow analyzer, and NH₃ emission flux was calculated. Meanwhile, ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) content in soil was measured. 【Result】 The NH₃ volatilization rate showed a bimodal trend after the application of base fertilizer, and the maximum NH₃ volatilization rates occurred on the 1st-2d or 5th-7d after the application of base fertilizer, respectively. The maximum NH₃ volatilization rates in the treatments of base fertilizer were as follows: T1>T2>T3>T4>T0. All treatments reached the maximum NH₃ volatilization rates at the 1st - 2d after applying top dressing, and the maximum NH₃ volatilization rates at the top dressing stage were as follows: T4>T2>T1>T3>T0. The accumulation of NH₃ volatilization loss was shown as T2)>T4>T3>T1>T0. There was no significant difference in soil NH₄ ⁺-N content between different treatments in different periods, but the soil NH₄ ⁺-N content and NH₃ volatilization rate in the same period showed a similar change trend, and the correlations after applying top fertilizer were more significant than that after applying base fertilizer. Due to the application of urea under T1, T2 and T4 at top dressing period, urea released NH₄⁺-N more rapidly than slow-release fertilizer, and NH₃ volatilization was relatively fast. Overall, a 50% reduction in nitrogen application resulted in a 20% reduction in NH₃ volatilization loss accumulation. The accumulation of NH₃ volatilization loss was significantly different among the treatments during the growth season. T2 had the largest accumulation of NH₃ volatilization loss. Under the same nitrogen application amount, the cumulative ammonia volatilization loss of biochar treatment increased by 22%. Under the condition of the same nitrogen application amount in the whole growth season, the NH₃ volatilization accumulation was reduced by 12% in the one-time application of slow-release fertilizer without urea topdressing than that with urea topdressing. 【Conclusion】Ammonia volatilization showed a marginal decreasing effect with the increase of nitrogen application. Biochar promoted ammonia volatilization in farmland, while corn straw biochar was alkaline, resulting in increased accumulation of ammonia volatilization. However, it had the characteristics of large porosity and specific surface area, strong adsorption effect, and could improve soil and reduce emissions of other greenhouse gases. The ammonia volatilization was significantly reduced by applying slow-release fertilizer at one time without urea topdressing.

Key words: ammonia emission factor, biochar, fertilizer application, ammonia volatilization rate, corn, Liaohe plain

赵欣周,张世春,李颖,郑益旻,赵洪亮,谢立勇. 辽河平原玉米田不同施肥下的土壤氨挥发特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(18): 3741-3751.

ZHAO XinZhou,ZHANG ShiChun,LI Ying,ZHENG YiMin,ZHAO HongLiang,XIE LiYong. The Characteristics of Soil Ammonia Volatilization Under Different Fertilizer Application Measures in Corn Field of Liaohe Plain[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(18): 3741-3751.

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处理 Treatment	基肥量 Basal fertilizer quantity (kg N·hm^-2)			基肥种类 Basal fertilizer type	追肥量 Top dressing quantity (kg N·hm^-2)	追肥种类 Top dressing type	生育期施氮总量 Total nitrogen application (kg N·hm^-2)	生物炭施用量 Biochar application (kg·hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	基肥种类 Basal fertilizer type	追肥量 Top dressing quantity (kg N·hm^-2)	追肥种类 Top dressing type	生育期施氮总量 Total nitrogen application (kg N·hm^-2)	生物炭施用量 Biochar application (kg·hm^-2)
T0	0	0	0	-	-	-	0	0
T1	45	15	18	SRF¹⁾	45	尿素Urea	90	0
T2	90	30	36	SRF	90	尿素Urea	180	3000
T3	180	60	72	SRF	-	-	180	0
T4	90	30	36	SRF	90	尿素Urea	180	0

处理 Treatment	氨挥发损失累积量 NH₃ accumulation (kg N·hm^-2)	氨挥发损失率 Loss (%)
T0	3.12±0.10e	—
T1	4.14±0.09d	1.13±0.21b
T3	4.56±0.08c	0.80±0.06c
T4	5.09±0.03b	1.09±0.15b
T2	6.19±0.17a	1.70±0.03a

时期 Stage	处理 Treatment	r值 r value	P值 P value
施基肥后 After basal fertilization	T0	-0.076	>0.05
	T1	0.573	>0.05
	T2	-0.105	>0.05
	T3	-0.228	>0.05
	T4	0.353	>0.05
施追肥后 After top dressing	T0	0.614	>0.05
	T1	0.810**	<0.01
	T2	0.757*	<0.05
	T3	0.437	>0.05
	T4	0.803**	<0.01