咸淡水轮灌对设施番茄光合特性及叶片超微结构的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.006

中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (19): 3784-3798.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.006

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

咸淡水轮灌对设施番茄光合特性及叶片超微结构的影响

辛朗¹(), 宋嘉雯¹, 付媛媛¹, 唐茂淞¹, 敬凌琨¹, 王兴鹏¹^,²^,³()

¹ 塔里木大学水利与建筑工程学院/自治区教育厅普通高等学校现代农业工程重点实验室/塔里木绿洲农业教育部重点实验室，新疆阿拉尔 843300
² 农业农村部西北绿洲节水农业重点实验室，新疆石河子 832061
³ 中国农业科学院西部农业研究中心，新疆昌吉 831100

收稿日期:2023-11-20 接受日期:2024-01-31 出版日期:2024-10-01 发布日期:2024-10-09
通信作者:
王兴鹏，E-mail：13999068354@163.com
联系方式: 辛朗，E-mail：18942777099@163.com。
基金资助:
塔里木大学校长基金创新团队项目(TDZKC202002); 国家自然科学基金项目(51469029); 兵团研究生科研创新项目(TDGRI202251)

Effects of Saline-Fresh Water Rotation Irrigation on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Leaf Ultrastructure of Tomato Plants in Greenhouse

XIN Lang¹(), SONG JiaWen¹, FU YuanYuan¹, TANG MaoSong¹, JING LingKun¹, WANG XingPeng¹^,²^,³()

¹ College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Tarim University/Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Engineering in General Colleges and Universities of the Department of Education of the Autonomous Region/Key Laboratory of Tarim Oasis Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Alaer 843300, Xinjiang
² Key Laboratory of Northwest Oasis Water-Saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi 832061, Xinjiang
³ Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, Xinjiang

Received:2023-11-20 Accepted:2024-01-31 Published:2024-10-01 Online:2024-10-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】阐明咸淡水轮灌对设施番茄叶片超微结构及光合特性的影响机理，有利于优化设施番茄咸水灌溉调控策略。【方法】以当地常规番茄品种“明珠”为材料，2022—2023年在南疆地区温室内开展为期两年的番茄咸淡水轮灌试验，试验设置4个处理，分别为W1（咸水、淡水，轮灌4次），W2（2次咸水、2次淡水，轮灌2次），W3（2次淡水、4次咸水、2次淡水，轮灌1次），全淡水灌溉为对照处理（CK），3种咸淡水轮灌模式的灌水量与CK一致。主要探讨咸淡水轮灌产生的盐碱胁迫对设施番茄叶片超微结构、叶绿素含量、气孔特征、气体交换参数及产量的影响。【结果】在咸淡水轮灌条件下，番茄叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）等光合参数，以及叶片水分利用效率（WUE）均显著下降，气孔因素和非气孔因素在限制叶片气体交换过程中起关键性作用；番茄叶片不仅通过减小单个气孔开度来快速适应盐碱胁迫，且能经过长期的气孔分化和发育过程调控气孔密度和气孔形状，以此提高气体交换效率。与CK处理相比，W1、W2及W3处理的叶片气孔密度，分别增加22.8%、43.07%和13.8%，气孔宽度分别减小54.6%、77.8%和13.7%。受土壤盐分胁迫影响，相较于CK处理，W1、W2处理番茄叶片叶绿体基粒片层结构被破坏，叶绿素含量分别减少6.2%、11.8%，净光合速率降低16.3%、26.2%，产量降幅达45.3%、52.5%，且最大叶面积指数比同期CK处理分别低20.8%、27.5%。W3处理的番茄叶片叶肉细胞结构相对完整，叶绿素含量和光合作用效率维持在较高水平，产量及其构成因素与CK差异不显著，其中平均单果质量增加6.5%、果茎增大6.0%、产量略提高0.7%。【结论】综合番茄生理变化和产量分析，在番茄开花结果期—果实膨大期灌溉咸水，其他生育阶段采用淡水灌溉，减缓了咸水灌溉对番茄生长造成的不利影响，W3处理可推荐可作为南疆地区设施番茄咸淡水协同利用的灌溉方式。

关键词: 番茄（Solanum lycopersicum L.）, 咸淡水轮灌, 叶片超微结构, 光合效应, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】Revealing the mechanisms of saline-fresh water rotation irrigation that affected the leaf ultrastructure and photosynthetic characteristics of tomato plants was benefit to optimize the strategy of saline water irrigation of greenhouse tomatoes.【Method】In this paper, the local conventional tomato variety “Mingzhu” was used as the material to carry out a two-year trial of saline and fresh water irrigation in greenhouses in the southern Xinjiang region from 2022 to 2023. The four treatments consisted of rotation irrigation with four times saline-fresh water (W1), rotation irrigation with two times saline water and two times fresh water (W2), rotation irrigation with two times fresh water, four times saline water, and two times fresh water (W3), and freshwater irrigation as a control (CK). The three rotation patterns had the same amount of saline water and fresh water. The effects of saline and alkaline stress produced by saline and freshwater rotational irrigation on the ultrastructure, chlorophyll content, stomatal characteristics, gas exchange parameters, and yield of facility tomato leaves were mainly investigated.【Result】The results indicated that the saline-alkali stress introduced by saline water significantly reduced the gas exchange parameters of tomato leaves and water use efficiency at the leaf scale, and both stomatal and non-stomatal factors played a key role in limiting leaf gas exchange. Tomato leaves not only adapted quickly to salinity stress by reducing individual stomatal openings, but also improved gas exchange efficiency by regulating stomatal density and stomatal shape through long-term stomatal differentiation and development. Compared with the CK treatment, the stomatal density of the leaves under W1, W2, and W3 treatments increased by 22.8%, 43.0% and 13.8%, respectively, and the stomatal width was reduced by 54.6%, 77.8%, and 13.7%, respectively; under the influence of soil salinity stress, compared with CK treatment, the chloroplast granular lamellae structure was disrupted in tomato leaves under W1 and W2. Compared with CK, W1 and W2 decreased leaf chlorophyll content by 6.2% and 11.8%, net photosynthetic rate by 16.3% and 26.2%, and yield by 45.3% and 52.5%, and the maximum leaf area index was 20.8% and 27.5% lower than that in the same period of CK treatment, respectively. In contrast, W3 presented a relatively intact mesophyll cell structure and relatively high chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency, W3 only increased the average single fruit weight by 6.5%, fruit diameter by 6.0% and the yield by 0.7%, with no significant differences compared with CK. 【Conclusion】By comprehensive analysis of physiological changes and yield of tomato, irrigation of saline water in the flowering and fruiting period-fruit expansion period of tomato, the other reproductive stages of freshwater irrigation, to mitigate the adverse effects of saline water irrigation on the growth of tomato, W3 treatment was recommended as a facility in the southern Xinjiang region of the synergistic use of saline-fresh water irrigation of tomato.

Key words: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), rotational irrigation with saline and fresh water, ultrastructure, photosynthesis, yield

辛朗, 宋嘉雯, 付媛媛, 唐茂淞, 敬凌琨, 王兴鹏. 咸淡水轮灌对设施番茄光合特性及叶片超微结构的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(19): 3784-3798.

XIN Lang, SONG JiaWen, FU YuanYuan, TANG MaoSong, JING LingKun, WANG XingPeng. Effects of Saline-Fresh Water Rotation Irrigation on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Leaf Ultrastructure of Tomato Plants in Greenhouse[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(19): 3784-3798.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.006

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土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	pH	钠离子Na⁺(mg·g^-1)	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	田间持水率 Water holding capacity (g·g^-1)
0-10	7.16	0.10	1.36	0.27
10-20	7.14	0.09	1.43	0.27
20-40	7.12	0.08	1.48	0.25
40-60	7.15	0.05	1.46	0.25
60-80	7.15	0.05	1.38	0.28

生育时期 Growth stage	灌水次数 Number of irrigation	CK	W1	W2	W3
开花期 Flowering stage	1	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water	咸水 Saline water	淡水 Fresh water
开花结果期 Flowering and fruiting stage	2	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water	淡水 Fresh water
	3	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water
	4	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water
果实膨大期 Fruit expansion stage	5	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water	咸水 Saline water	咸水 Saline water
果实膨大期 Fruit expansion stage	6	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water	咸水 Saline water
红熟期 Red ripe stage	7	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water
红熟期 Red ripe stage	8	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	气孔特征 Stomatal characteristics
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	密度 Density (number/mm²)	面积 Area (μm²)	周长 Perimeter (μm)	长度 Length (μm)	宽度 Width (μm)	形状指数 Stomatal shape index
2022	CK	358.36±19.49b	39.44±2.21a	32.39±1.15a	14.42±0.49a	3.38±0.08a	1.45±0.02c
	W1	414.53±44.34b	18.02±4.08c	26.18±4.33b	11.77±0.87b	1.85±0.19c	1.74±0.10b
	W2	487.14±32.22a	10.69±0.74d	22.99±1.38b	11.13±0.86b	1.22±0.29d	1.98±0.19a
	W3	384.53±21.03b	34.55±1.29b	31.74±1.05a	14.19±0.62a	2.98±0.13b	1.52±0.03c
2023	CK	331.62±27.64c	52.44±7.84a	38.32±2.62a	17.14±1.02a	4.15±0.58a	1.39±0.03b
	W1	430.69±15.59b	23.60±1.25b	28.60±1.04b	13.27±0.49b	2.25±0.11c	1.66±0.06b
	W2	497.44±22.21a	9.06±3.59b	24.66±2.22b	11.96±1.08b	0.94±0.38d	2.41±0.54a
	W3	398.73±12.73b	44.58±5.13a	32.32±3.74a	15.20±2.06a	3.52±0.84b	1.46±0.04b

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶绿体形状Chloroplast shape			每个叶绿体中基粒数 Grana per chloroplast	每个叶绿体中嗜锇颗粒 Osmiophilic granules per chloroplast
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	长 Length (μm)	宽 Width (μm)	长/宽 Length/width	每个叶绿体中基粒数 Grana per chloroplast	每个叶绿体中嗜锇颗粒 Osmiophilic granules per chloroplast
2022	CK	3.85±0.31b	2.65±0.29a	1.47±0.28c	15.32±1.31a	4.36±2.72a
	W1	5.31±1.76ab	2.01±0.43b	2.6±0.32ab	12.53±2.05ab	4.51±0.62a
	W2	6.23±1.29a	2.24±0.1ab	2.77±0.47a	10.46±3.12b	6.13±1.55a
	W3	5.47±0.5ab	2.73±0.08a	2.01±0.24bc	13.42±2.41ab	3.47±2.12a
2023	CK	4.93±0.28a	2.60±0.02a	1.90±0.12b	15.71±3.22a	3.05±0.21b
	W1	5.11±0.62a	1.81±0.03c	2.82±0.31a	13.82±1.33a	4.34±1.03ab
	W2	5.36±0.31a	1.94±0.03b	2.77±0.13a	11.24±2.45a	5.07±0.45a
	W3	5.27±0.35a	2.59±0.06a	2.03±0.11b	14.29±4.84a	3.77±1.11ab

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	平均单果重 Average weight of single tomato (g)	果茎 Fruit diameter (mm)	单株坐果数 Fruit number per plant	总产量 Total production (kg·hm^-2)
2022	CK	191.76±7.00a	64.56±3.45a	14.33±1.25ab	103442.96±12863.95a
	W1	149.97±5.66b	57.81±0.72b	9.00±1.41c	50590.49±7793.56b
	W2	126.04±10.01c	56.34±1.40b	10.00±1.63bc	47893.68±11350.79b
	W3	191.97±10.47a	67.25±1.37a	14.67±2.87a	104539.87±15430.37a
2023	CK	153.06±0.19b	57.39±2.79ab	12.33±1.15a	70819.5±6545.72a
	W1	126.77±7.46c	49.45±5.78bc	9.11±1.02b	42900.28±6233.43b
	W2	120.55±10.85c	46.67±7.19c	7.67±0.58b	34559.95±2238.62b
	W3	172.84±11.88a	61.92±1.88a	11.12±1.16a	71064.11±2788.58a

咸淡水轮灌对设施番茄光合特性及叶片超微结构的影响

Effects of Saline-Fresh Water Rotation Irrigation on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Leaf Ultrastructure of Tomato Plants in Greenhouse

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