不同灌水条件下分层施肥对土壤养分垂直分布与小麦根系生长和功能的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.11.007

中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (11): 2125-2142.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.11.007

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

不同灌水条件下分层施肥对土壤养分垂直分布与小麦根系生长和功能的影响

卜明娜(), 杨习文(), 滕政凯, 胡乃月, 张烁, 王春艳, 杨键, 梁文宪, 马文奇, 贺德先(), 周苏玫()

河南农业大学农学院/国家小麦工程技术研究中心/省部共建小麦玉米作物学国家重点实验室/河南粮食作物协同创新中心，郑州 450046

收稿日期:2023-12-04 接受日期:2024-03-12 出版日期:2024-06-01 发布日期:2024-06-07
通信作者:
贺德先，E-mail：hed@henau.edu.cn。
周苏玫，E-mail：smzhou129@163.com
联系方式: 卜明娜，E-mail：mingnabu@stu.henau.edu.cn。杨习文，E-mail：yangxiwen@henau.edu.cn。卜明娜和杨习文为同等贡献作者。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划“主要作物丰产增效科技创新工程”重点专项(22YFD230082)

Effects of Layered Fertilization Under Different Irrigation Conditions on Vertical Distribution of Soil Nutrients and Root Growth and Function of Wheat

BU MingNa(), YANG XiWen(), TENG ZhengKai, HU NaiYue, ZHANG Shuo, WANG ChunYan, YANG Jian, LIANG WenXian, MA WenQi, HE DeXian(), ZHOU SuMei()

College of Agronomy of Henan Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat/Co-Construction State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou 450046

Received:2023-12-04 Accepted:2024-03-12 Published:2024-06-01 Online:2024-06-07

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究施肥方式对土壤养分和小麦根系生长的影响，塑造良好的根系构型，为麦田的科学施肥和高产高效生产提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2021—2023年在河南农业大学原阳科教示范园区进行，采用池栽定位试验，设置3个施肥处理（F₀：不施肥；F₁：N、P、K肥浅施；F₂：N、P、K肥1/3浅施+2/3深施）和3个灌水处理（W₁：底墒水；W₂：底墒水+拔节水；W₃：底墒水+拔节水+扬花水），共计9个组合处理，测定0—100 cm不同层次的土壤养分和根系性状。【结果】在不同灌水频次下，土壤耕层养分含量较高，随着土层加深，有效养分减少，0—60 cm土层养分含量表现出F₂>F₁>F₀。分层施肥（F₂）明显增加了20—40 cm土层肥力，较浅层施肥（F₁）相比，不同灌水频次下开花期至成熟期的土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别平均提高了16.03%、7.67%、8.82%、6.32%。80—100 cm土层硝态氮和全氮含量上升，灌水增大了富集效应；0—100 cm土层速效钾含量呈“S”分布，且成熟期含量升高，出现钾素外排现象。小麦根系主要集中在0—40 cm土层中，分层施肥（F₂）显著提高了根系在20—40 cm土层根系的形态分布和功能，根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积比、根干重密度、根系活力和根系生理势两年均值比浅层施肥分别提高38.42%、16.93%、25.65%、43.07%、33.12%、31.10%。相关分析表明，0—20 cm土层各养分指标与根系形态指标呈极显著的正相关关系（P<0.01），0—60 cm土层根系生理势在与土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷、速效钾均呈极显著正相关关系。【结论】分层施肥结合3次关键水实现了根系分布与土壤氮磷钾分布的高度协调，增强了根系在20—40 cm土层的分布比例，有利于土壤氮磷钾的协同吸收和产量提高。

关键词: 小麦, 分层施肥, 灌水频次, 土壤养分分布, 根系生长, 根系功能

Abstract:

【Objective】In order to explore the effects of fertilization on soil nutrients and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root growth, and to shape a good root architecture, so as to provide a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization and high-yield and high-efficiency production of wheat field.【Method】The experiment was conducted in Yuanyang Scientific and Educational Park of Henan Agricultural University from 2021 to 2023. The pool planting positioning experiment is adopted. And three fertilization treatments (F₀: no fertilization; F₁: shallow application of N, P, K fertilizer; F₂: 1/3 shallow application plus 2/3 deep application of N, P, K fertilizer) and three irrigation treatments (W₁: prior to sowing irrigation; W₂: prior to sowing irrigation plus irrigation at jointing stage; W₃: prior to sowing irrigation plus irrigations both at jointing and anthesis). A total of 9 treatment combinations were used to determine concentration dynamics of soil nutrients and root morphological and physiological traits at different soil layers within 0-100 cm.【Result】Under different irrigation frequencies, the concentrations of available N, P, K nutrients were relatively high in top soil layer and decreased with the soil depth. In the soil layer of 0-60 cm, the trend of concentrations of available N, P, K nutrients under different treatments was as F₂>F₁>F₀. Especially, the nutrient concentrations were significantly increased in 20-40 cm soil layer in layered application treatment (F₂). Compared with those in shallow application (F₁), the concentrations of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium increased by 16.03%, 7.67%, 8.82%, and 6.32% under F₂ under different irrigation frequencies from anthesis to maturity, respectively. Also, under F₂treatments, the concentrations of both nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen increased in 80-100 cm soil layer, and irrigation enhanced the treating effects. The distribution of available potassium concentration in 0-100 cm soil layer exhibited an S-shaped curve, and K concentration increased at maturity stage suggesting the phenomenon of potassium excretion. The wheat roots were mainly located in the 0-40 cm soil layer. Morphological & quantitative traits and physiological function of roots were significantly improved under F₂in the 20-40 cm soil layer: compared with those under F₁, the root length density, root surface area density, root volume ratio, root dry weight density, root vigor, and root physiological potential were increased by 38.42%, 16.93%, 25.65%, 43.07%, 33.12%, and 31.10%, respectively. The correlation analysis showed that concentrations of available N, P, K nutrients in 0-20 cm soil layer were significantly positively correlated with root morphological & quantitative traits (P<0.01). Root physiological potential in 0-60 cm soil layer was significantly positively correlated with soil nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium, respectively.【Conclusion】The layered N, P, K fertilization combined with key irrigations at three stages achieved a high degree of coordination between root configuration, growth, physiological functions, and appropriate distribution of available N, P, K nutrients, and enhanced the root biomass in 20-40 cm soil layer, indicating more absorptions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from the soil and a higher grain yield.

Key words: wheat, layered fertilization, irrigation frequency, distribution of soil nutrients, root growth, root configuration

卜明娜, 杨习文, 滕政凯, 胡乃月, 张烁, 王春艳, 杨键, 梁文宪, 马文奇, 贺德先, 周苏玫. 不同灌水条件下分层施肥对土壤养分垂直分布与小麦根系生长和功能的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(11): 2125-2142.

BU MingNa, YANG XiWen, TENG ZhengKai, HU NaiYue, ZHANG Shuo, WANG ChunYan, YANG Jian, LIANG WenXian, MA WenQi, HE DeXian, ZHOU SuMei. Effects of Layered Fertilization Under Different Irrigation Conditions on Vertical Distribution of Soil Nutrients and Root Growth and Function of Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(11): 2125-2142.

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表1

不同土层小麦根系形态和功能指标与土壤养分指标的相关性"

土层 Soil layer (cm)	项目 Item	硝态氮 NO₃^--N	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N	有效磷 Available phosphorus	速效钾 Available potassium
0—20	根长密度 Root length density	0.716**	0.927**	0.760**	0.564**
	根表面积密度 Root surface area density	0.690**	0.914**	0.770**	0.680**
	根体积比 Root volume ratio	0.749**	0.836**	0.711**	0.579**
	根干重密度 Root dry weight density	0.783**	0.891**	0.788**	0.544**
	根系生理势 Root physiological potential	0.785**	0.905**	0.773**	0.542**
20—40	根长密度 Root length density	-0.206	0.704**	0.587**	0.737**
	根表面积密度 Root surface area density	-0.195	0.772**	0.700**	0.849**
	根体积比 Root volume ratio	0.602**	-0.087	-0.195	-0.501**
	根干重密度 Root dry weight density	0.666**	0.832**	0.713**	0.445**
	根系生理势 Root physiological potential	0.610**	0.819**	0.641**	0.428**
40—60	根长密度 Root length density	-0.118	0.829**	0.457**	0.443**
	根表面积密度 Root surface area density	0.874**	-0.087	0.050	-0.302*
	根体积比 Root volume ratio	0.670**	-0.642**	-0.519**	-0.812**
	根干重密度 Root dry weight density	0.264	0.302*	0.407**	0.188
	根系生理势 Root physiological potential	0.381**	0.460**	0.491**	0.277*
60—80	根长密度 Root length density	0.350**	0.489**	0.400**	0.263
	根表面积密度 Root surface area density	0.758**	0.160	0.172	-0.276*
	根体积比 Root volume ratio	0.732**	-0.602**	-0.450**	-0.882**
	根干重密度 Root dry weight density	0.331*	0.574**	0.524**	0.314*
	根系生理势 Root physiological potential	—	—	—	—
80—100	根长密度 Root length density	0.522**	0.165	0.006	-0.098
	根表面积密度 Root surface area density	0.771**	0.021	0.150	-0.197
	根体积比 Root volume ratio	0.808**	-0.665**	-0.483**	-0.838**
	根干重密度 Root dry weight density	0.301*	0.492**	0.483**	0.353**
	根系生理势 Root physiological potential	—	—	—	—

表1

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不同灌水条件下分层施肥对土壤养分垂直分布与小麦根系生长和功能的影响

Effects of Layered Fertilization Under Different Irrigation Conditions on Vertical Distribution of Soil Nutrients and Root Growth and Function of Wheat

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