种植密度与施肥水平对甜荞光合特性、产量及抗倒伏的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.02.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】合理密植与施肥，可有效协调个体间的竞争，改善群体光环境，构建高产群体，是提高作物高产的重要途径。探讨不同种植密度和施肥水平对甜荞抗倒性能及产量的影响，为荞麦抗倒高产高效栽培提供技术参考。【方法】以等花柱甜荞新品种西农D4103为试验材料，黄土高原主栽品种西农9976为对照，采用双因素裂区设计，主因素为2个栽培密度，分别为D1：90万株/hm²、D2：135万株/hm²；副因素为低、中、高3个施肥水平，分别为F1（N：120、P₂O₅：76.8、K₂O：56.4 kg·hm^-2）、F2（N：180、P₂O₅：115.2、K₂O：84.6 kg·hm^-2）和F3（N：240、P₂O₅：153.6、K₂O：112.8 kg·hm^-2），于2021—2022年在西北农林科技大学榆林小杂粮试验站进行。研究不同种植密度和施肥水平对甜荞群体冠层结构及光合特性、产量及产量构成因素、倒伏特性的变化规律。【结果】 2年大田试验表明，提高种植密度，使甜荞群体叶面积指数（LAI）显著增加，光合有效辐射（PAR）和相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）显著下降，并减弱了叶片光合能力。施肥显著提高了甜荞群体LAI、SPAD和光合能力，降低了PAR，中肥水平较低肥水平的LAI、SPAD、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr），平均增加14.6%、6.7%、15.3%、15.2%和16.6%，PAR和胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）平均减少4.5%和6.7%。D2较D1处理的株高、重心高度、第2节间长、倒伏率和倒伏指数平均增加9.6%、12.5%、24.7%、19.8%和26.2%，而第2节间粗、充实度、抗折力和整株鲜重减少13.1%、7.4%、18.3%和8.5%。同等密度下增加施肥量，使甜荞株高、重心高度、第2节间长、整株鲜重、倒伏率和倒伏指数逐渐增加，第2节间粗、第2节间充实度、第2节间抗折力呈先增加后减小的趋势。提高种植密度和施肥水平，使甜荞产量显著增加，西农D4103的产量在D2F2处理下达最大值，较D1F1增产15.1%，较对照品种在同等施肥量下增产17.0%。【结论】构建合理的甜荞群体结构有利于增加群体受光面积，改善光合特性，降低田间倒伏率，从而提高产量。因此，黄土高原地区等花柱甜荞品种西农D4103推荐种植密度为135万株/hm²，肥料施用量为中等施肥水平（N：180 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅：115.2 kg·hm^-2、K₂O：84.6 kg·hm^-2）。

关键词: 甜荞, 种植密度, 施肥水平, 光合特性, 抗倒伏, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 Rational close planting and fertilization can effectively coordinate the competition among individuals, improve the light environment of the population and build a high-yield population, which is an important way to increase crop yield. The effects of different planting densities and fertilization levels on lodging resistance and yield of common buckwheat were discussed to provide technical reference for high yield and high yield cultivation of buckwheat. 【Method】 In this study, Xinong D4103, a new isostyle common buckwheat variety, was used as the experimental material, and Xinong 9976, the main cultivated variety in the Loess Plateau, was used as the control, and the two-factor split plot design was adopted. The main factors were two planting densities, namely D1: 9.0×10⁵ plants/hm² and D2: 1.35×10⁶ plants/hm². The secondary factors were low, medium and high fertilization levels, which were N: 120, P₂O₅: 76.8, K₂O: 56.4 kg·hm^-2 (F1), N: 180, P₂O₅: 115.2, K₂O: 84.6 kg·hm^-2 (F2), N: 240, P₂O₅: 153.6, K₂O: 112.8 kg·hm^-2 (F3) respectively, which were carried out in Yulin Experimental Station of Northwest A&F University in 2021-2022. The effects of canopy structure, photosynthetic characteristics, yield, yield components and lodging characteristics of common buckwheat population under different planting densities and fertilization levels were studied.【Result】 The two-year field experiment showed that with the increase of planting density, the leaf area index (LAI) of common buckwheat population increased significantly, the photosynthetic effective radiation (PAR) and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) decreased significantly, and the photosynthetic capacity of leaves was weakened. Fertilization significantly increased LAI, SPAD and photosynthetic capacity of common buckwheat population, and decreased PAR. Compared with lower fertilizer level, the LAI, SPAD, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of medium fertilizer level increased by 14.6%, 6.7%, 15.3%, 15.2% and 16.6% on average, while PAR and intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) decreased by 4.5% and 6.7% on average. Compared with D1, the plant height, height of gravity center, length of the second internode, lodging rate and lodging index of D2 increased by 9.6%, 12.5%, 24.7%, 19.8% and 26.2% on average, while the diameter, fullness, flexural strength of the second internode and fresh weight of whole plant decreased by 13.1%, 7.4%, 18.3% and 8.5%. Increased fertilizer application at the same density, the plant height, center of gravity height, length of the second internode, fresh weight of the whole plant, lodging rate and lodging index increased gradually, while the diameter, fullness, flexural strength of the second internode increased first and then decreased. The yield of common buckwheat was significantly increased by increasing the planting density and fertilization level. The yield of Xinong D4103 reached the maximum in D2F2 treatment, which was 15.1% higher than that of D1F1 and 17.0% higher than that of the control variety under the same fertilization amount. 【Conclusion】 Constructing a reasonable population structure is helpful to increase the light receiving area, improve photosynthetic characteristics, reduce the lodging rate in the field and increase yield. Therefore, Xinong D4103, an isostyle common buckwheat variety in the Loess Plateau, recommended the planting density of 1.35×10⁶ plants/hm², and the fertilizer application rate of medium fertilization level (N: 180, P₂O₅: 115.2, K₂O: 84.6 kg·hm^-2)

Key words: common buckwheat, planting density, fertilization level, photosynthetic characteristics, lodging resistance, yield

雷新慧, 吴怡欣, 王家乐, 陶金才, 万晨茜, 王孟, 高小丽, 冯佰利, 高金锋. 种植密度与施肥水平对甜荞光合特性、产量及抗倒伏的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(2): 264-277.

LEI XinHui, WU YiXin, WANG JiaLe, TAO JinCai, WAN ChenXi, WANG Meng, GAO XiaoLi, FENG BaiLi, GAO JinFeng. Effects of Planting Density and Fertilization Level on Photosynthesis, Yield and Lodging Resistance of Common Buckwheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(2): 264-277.

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年份 Year	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	单株粒数 Grain number per plant	单株粒重 Grain weight per plant (g)	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2021	西农D4103 Xinong D4103	D1F1	136.0±8.66c	4.13±0.14c	3.33±0.02b	960.0±10.00de
		D1F2	157.0±7.21a	5.87±0.05a	3.60±0.02a	1023.3±11.55c
		D1F3	145.3±2.52b	4.56±0.12b	3.34±0.04b	1003.3±11.55c
		D2F1	113.0±1.73e	3.51±0.12d	2.74±0.03e	1076.7±23.09b
		D2F2	132.0±2.65cd	3.99±0.09c	2.94±0.03c	1143.3±15.28a
		D2F3	110.7±3.79e	3.34±0.12de	2.84±0.04d	1082.2±5.77b
	西农9976 Xinong 9976	D1F1	107.3±3.21e	2.97±0.17f	2.71±0.03e	896.7±35.12f
		D1F2	129.3±2.89cd	3.96±0.09c	2.86±0.05d	963.0±20.00d
		D1F3	124.0±5.29d	3.25±0.07e	2.82±0.02d	930.0±15.00e
F	密度Density (D)		130.03**	579.28**	202.88**	255.96**
	肥料Fertilization (F)		26.05**	184.15**	8.11**	33.26**
	密度×肥料D×F		2.22^NS	49.61**	4.72*	4.03*
2022	西农D4103 Xinong D4103	D1F1	128.00±6.00b	4.08±0.23b	2.96±0.04b	955.0±13.23d
		D1F2	162.33±7.37a	5.12±0.17a	3.41±0.08a	1021.7±15.28c
		D1F3	155.00±4.00a	4.15±0.26b	3.32±0.09a	1005.0±10.00c
		D2F1	112.33±3.21c	3.13±0.41d	2.60±0.09e	1055.0±18.03b
		D2F2	127.33±6.81b	3.90±0.31b	2.8±0.04bcd	1098.3±11.55a
		D2F3	124.33±4.04b	3.81±0.06bc	2.67±0.11cde	1063.3±5.77b
	西农9976 Xinong 9976	D1F1	120.33±8.08bc	3.23±0.43d	2.63±0.11de	826.7±25.17g
		D1F2	126.00±6.93b	3.88±0.28b	2.87±0.17b	920.0±22.91e
		D1F3	118.67±5.13bc	3.33±0.13cd	2.83±0.17bc	860.0±26.46f
F	密度Density (D)		110.67**	46.15**	217.65**	165.68**
	肥料Fertilization (F)		33.97**	18.06**	26.29**	27.26**
	密度×肥料D×F		5.17*	4.42*	6.03*	3.93*