有机物料与化肥长期配施对小麦玉米轮作潮土细菌群落和酶活性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.19.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究有机物料与化肥长期配施对土壤细菌群落和酶活性的影响，揭示土壤养分、胞外酶活性与细菌群落之间关系，为制定潮土区小麦玉米轮作制度下长期且合理的施肥策略提供理论依据。【方法】连续10年的定位试验，设置不施肥（NF）、单施化肥（NPK）、化肥配合秸秆还田（NPKS）、50%的化肥配施6 000 kg·hm^-2猪粪（NPKP）和50%的化肥配施6 000 kg·hm^-2牛粪（NPKC）等5个处理。【结果】（1）有机物料与化肥长期配施（NPKS、NPKP和NPKC）可显著提高土壤肥力和胞外酶活性，其中NPKC处理提升效果最为显著，土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性较NPK处理提升幅度为13.8%—15.4%、9.7%—15.5%、7.2%—15.9%、13.6%—38.5%和2.5%—13.1%。（2）有机物料与化肥长期配施显著改变了细菌群落结构和组成。与NPK处理相比，小麦季NPKS处理显著上调物种为Aggregatilinea和Parachlamydia，NPKP处理显著提高Pseudomonas、Nonomuraea和Flexilinea丰度，NPKC处理仅Luteitalea丰度显著升高。玉米季NPKS处理显著上调的物种为Phycisphaera和Syntrophothermus，NPKP处理显著提高Gemmatimonas丰度；NPKC处理Aquipuribacter和Desulfosoma丰度显著升高。（3）功能预测结果表明，长期有机物料与化肥配施较单施化肥对土壤碳、氮循环功能有促进作用，尤其NPKC处理对硝化作用、尿素溶解、芳香族化合物的降解、木聚糖分解、纤维素降解作用均有较强的影响。（4）蒙特尔分析表明，土壤pH是潮土细菌群落结构和生态功能的主要调控因素。【结论】有机物料与化肥长期配施（尤其是化肥配施牛粪）可提高土壤肥力和胞外酶活性，增加有益菌群丰度，显著改变细菌群落结构和组成，有利于碳、氮、磷循环，从而促进潮土形成适合作物和细菌生长的环境。

关键词: 小麦玉米轮作, 有机物料, 化肥, 长期施肥, 细菌群落, 酶活性, 土壤养分, 潮土

Abstract:

【Objective】This experiment studied the effects of long-term synergistic application of organic materials and chemical fertilizers on soil bacterial community and enzyme activity, and revealed the relationship between soil nutrients, extracellular enzyme activity and bacterial community, so as to provide a theoretical basis for formulating long-term and reasonable fertilization strategies under wheat-maize rotation system in fluvo-aquic soil. 【Method】 Based on a 10-year located experiment, five treatments were set up, including no fertilization (NF), chemical fertilizer (NPK), chemical fertilizer with straw return (NPKS), 50% chemical fertilizer with 6 000 kg·hm^-2 pig manure (NPKP), and 50% chemical fertilizer with 6 000 kg·hm^-2cow manure ( NPKC ). 【Result】 (1) The combined application of organic materials and chemical fertilizers ( NPKS, NPKP and NPKC ) could significantly improve soil fertility and extracellular enzyme activity, among which NPKC treatment had the most significant effect. Compared with NPK treatment, the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase activity were increased by 13.8%-15.4%, 9.7%-15.5%, 7.2%-15.9%, 13.6%-38.5%和2.5%-13.1%. (2) Long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer significantly changed the bacterial community structure and composition. In the wheat season, compared with NPK treatment, NPKS treatment significantly increased the abundance of Aggregatilinea and Parachlamydia, NPKP treatment significantly increased the abundance of Pseudomonas, Nonomuraea and Flexilinea, while NPKC treatment only significantly increased the abundance of Luteitalea. In the maize season, compared with NPK treatment, NPKS treatment significantly increased the abundance of Phycisphaera and Syntrophothermus, NPKP treatment significantly increased the abundance of Gemmatimonas, and NPKC treatment significantly increased the abundance of Aquipuribacter and Desulfosoma. (3) The results of functional prediction showed that combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers could promote soil carbon and nitrogen cycling compared with long-term single application of chemical fertilizer. In particular, the NPKC treatment had a strong effect on nitrification, ureolysis, aromatic compound degradation, xylanolysis and cellulolysis. (4) Mental analysis showed that soil pH was the main factor regulating bacterial community structure and ecological function in fluvo-aquic soil. 【Conclusion】 Long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers (especially chemical fertilizers combined with cow manure) could improve soil fertility and extracellular enzyme activity, increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria, significantly change the structure and composition of bacterial communities, and promote the circulation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, thus construct an environment suitable for crop and bacterial growth in fluvo-aquic soil.

Key words: wheat-maize rotation, organic material, chemical fertilizer, long-term application of fertilizers, bacterial community, enzyme activity, nutrient, fluvo-aquic soil

张灵菲, 马垒, 李玉东, 郑福丽, 魏建林, 谭德水, 崔秀敏, 李燕. 有机物料与化肥长期配施对小麦玉米轮作潮土细菌群落和酶活性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(19): 3843-3855.

ZHANG LingFei, MA Lei, LI YuDong, ZHENG FuLi, WEI JianLin, TAN DeShui, CUI XiuMin, LI Yan. Effects of Long-Term Synergistic Application of Organic Materials and Chemical Fertilizers on Bacterial Community and Enzyme Activity in Wheat-Maize Rotation Fluvo-Aquic Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(19): 3843-3855.

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处理 Treatment	化肥 Chemical fertilizer （N-P₂O₅-K₂O）(kg·hm^-2)		有机肥 Organic fertilizer （N-P₂O₅-K₂O）(kg·hm^-2)		周年养分投入 Annual nutrient input （N+P₂O₅+K₂O）(kg·hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	小麦Wheat	玉米Maize	小麦Wheat	玉米Maize
NF	0	0	0	0	0
NPK	300-120-100	250-45-45	0	0	860
NPKS	300-120-100	250-45-45	0	0	860+秸秆Straw
NPKP	150-60-50	125-22.5-22.5	68-105-42	68-105-42	860
NPKC	150-60-50	125-22.5-22.5	68-108-39	68-108-39	860

作物季节 Crop season	处理 Treatment	pH	有机质 SOM (g·kg^-1)	全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	全磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 AN (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 AK (mg·kg^-1)
小麦季 Wheat season	NF	8.51±0.03a	14.10±0.57c	0.97±0.04c	0.85±0.04b	70.26±6.76c	12.46±2.76c	218.50±16.58b
	NPK	8.45±0.03ab	17.38±0.28b	1.23±0.07b	1.08±0.07a	87.28±6.45b	49.64±1.72b	276.00±8.04a
	NPKS	8.45±0.03ab	19.02±0.30a	1.27±0.11b	1.00±0.09ab	97.78±4.51a	51.14±3.17b	274.75±14.45a
	NPKP	8.37±0.16b	18.67±0.67ab	1.29±0.07b	1.10±0.26a	95.20±5.58ab	66.45±6.84a	270.25±11.38a
	NPKC	8.43±0.07ab	19.81±1.74a	1.42±0.09a	1.08±0.07a	101.15±4.39a	68.73±1.32a	286.00±12.06a
玉米季 Maize season	NF	8.93±0.04a	14.94±0.24d	1.07±0.02c	0.83±0.04c	75.98±2.07d	4.88±0.32e	222.75±2.50b
	NPK	8.74±0.04b	17.00±0.09c	1.24±0.03b	1.03±0.03ab	96.89±0.69b	18.07±0.61c	243.50±2.65a
	NPKS	8.75±0.03b	18.63±0.85b	1.28±0.00b	0.99±0.04b	91.47±0.31c	14.46±0.59d	245.75±3.95a
	NPKP	8.66±0.03c	18.54±0.29b	1.33±0.04a	1.08±0.03a	103.20±3.59a	22.88±0.62a	239.50±16.42a
	NPKC	8.79±0.05b	19.62±0.56a	1.36±0.03a	1.06±0.02a	103.88±3.25a	20.52±1.30b	240.75±6.85a