长期保护性耕作对黄土高原旱作农田土壤碳含量及转化酶活性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.05.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究黄土高原旱作农田粮草轮作系统长期保护性耕作对土壤碳含量、碳转化酶活性的影响，为旱作农田土壤固碳和农业可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】基于甘肃庆阳草地农业生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站开展的长期保护性耕作试验（开始于2001年），分析传统耕作（T）、免耕（NT）、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖（TS）、免耕+秸秆覆盖（NTS）对玉米-冬小麦-饲用大豆粮草轮作系统玉米收获季不同土层（0—5、5—10、10—20 cm）土壤有机碳（SOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）含量、β-葡萄糖苷酶（βG）、纤维二糖水解酶（CBH）、β-木糖苷酶（βX）活性的影响。【结果】（1）保护性耕作措施可显著增加SOC、MBC含量，其中0—5 cm土层提升效果最显著。与传统耕作相比，秸秆覆盖使SOC和MBC含量分别升高19.1%和39.9%，免耕使SOC和MBC含量分别升高15.1%和34.3%。（2）保护性耕作措施显著提高了土壤碳转化酶活性，表现为βG>CBH>βX活性，对保护性耕作措施最敏感的酶是CBH。相比传统耕作，秸秆覆盖使0—5和5—20 cm土层βG、CBH、βX活性分别增加20.3%、37.6%、41.1%和-7.6%、99.9%、3.5%；免耕使0—5和5—20 cm土层βG、CBH、βX活性分别增加12.5%、31.0%、26.1%和-21.1%、22.1%、-12.1%。结构方程结果表明，土壤碳转化酶活性的变化主要受粮草轮作系统内土壤全氮含量的影响。（3）秸秆覆盖可直接影响土壤碳的积累，也可通过改变土壤全氮含量而间接影响土壤碳转化酶活性；免耕措施未显著影响土壤环境，导致土壤碳含量及碳转化酶活性无显著变化。【结论】黄土高原旱作农田粮草轮作系统中，土壤碳的积累主要受到秸秆覆盖的直接效应，而碳转化酶活性主要通过对系统内土壤全氮的间接作用而变化，其中，免耕+秸秆覆盖是提高土壤碳含量和酶活性的最有效措施。β-葡萄糖苷酶是参与土壤碳转化的主要酶。

关键词: 秸秆覆盖, 免耕, 土壤有机碳, 土壤酶活性, 微生物量碳

Abstract:

【Objective】The effects of long-term conservation tillage on soil carbon and carbon invertase activity in forage-crop rotation system of dry farmland in the Loess Plateau were explored to provide the scientific basis for soil carbon sequestration and sustainable and healthy development of agriculture in dry farmland. 【Method】In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of long-term traditional tillage (T), no-tillage (NT), traditional tillage+straw mulch (TS), and no-tillage+straw mulch (NTS) on soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon content (MBC), β-glycosidase (βG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH) and β-xylosidase enzymes (βX) in forage-crop rotation system at the National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of the Grassland Agricultural Ecosystem in Qingyang, Gansu Province. Soils were collected from 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm depths at the harvest of maize (Zea mays L.). 【Result】(1) Conservation tillage significantly increased the contents of SOC and MBC in soil, especially in 0-5 cm soil layer. Compared with conventional tillage, straw mulching increased SOC and MBC by 19.1% and 39.9%, respectively, and no-tillage increased SOC and MBC by 15.1% and 34.3%, respectively. (2) Conservation tillage significantly increased soil carbon invertase activity, the three enzyme activities showed: βG>CBH>βX, the sensitivity of conservation tillage measures showed: CBH>βX>βG. Compared with traditional tillage, the activities of βG, CBH and βX in 0-5 cm soil layer under straw mulching increased by 20.3%, 37.6% and 41.1%, respectively, and those under no-tillage increased by 12.5%, 31.0% and 26.1%, respectively. Straw mulching in 5-20 cm soil layer increased βG, CBH and βX by -7.6%, 99.9% and 3.5%, respectively, and no-tillage increased them by -21.1%, 22.1% and -12.1%, respectively. In addition, the structural equation results showed that soil carbon invertase activity was mainly affected by soil total nitrogen content in forage-crop rotation system. (3) Straw mulching could directly affect the accumulation of soil carbon, mainly affecting the activity of soil carbon invertase by changing the soil total nitrogen content; no tillage had no significant impact on soil environment, resulting in no significant changes in soil carbon content and carbon invertase activity.【Conclusion】The accumulation of soil carbon was mainly affected by the direct effect of straw mulching measures, and the activity of carbon invertase was mainly changed by the indirect effect of soil total nitrogen in the forage-crop rotation system of dry farmland in the Loess Plateau. Among them, no tillage combined with straw mulching was the most effective measure to improve soil carbon content and enzyme activity, and β- Glucosidase is the main enzyme involved in soil carbon inversion.

Key words: straw mulching, no tillage, soil organic carbon, soil enzyme activity, microbial biomass carbon

董秀, 张燕, MUNYAMPIRWA Tito, 陶海宁, 沈禹颖. 长期保护性耕作对黄土高原旱作农田土壤碳含量及转化酶活性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(5): 907-919.

DONG Xiu, ZHANG Yan, MUNYAMPIRWA Tito, TAO HaiNing, SHEN YuYing. Effects of Long-Term Conservation Tillage on Soil Carbon Content and Invertase Activity in Dry Farmland on the Loess Plateau[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(5): 907-919.

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变异来源 Variation	土壤有机碳 SOC		微生物量碳 MBC		β-葡萄糖苷酶 βG		纤维二糖水解酶 CBH		β-木糖苷酶 βX
变异来源 Variation	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P
S	10.538	**	2.798	NS	2.064	NS	9.740	**	3.928	*
T	1.300	NS	0.045	NS	0.472	NS	0.063	NS	0.009	NS
D	53.478	***	47.735	***	95.011	***	71.226	***	119.535	***
S×T	0.936	NS	0.965	NS	0.104	NS	0.000	NS	2.228	NS
S×D	1.134	NS	2.202	NS	4.261	*	0.671	NS	6.754	**
T×D	0.394	NS	5.454	**	4.339	*	7.371	***	4.631	*
S×T×D	1.539	NS	1.386	NS	1.036	NS	0.483	NS	0.925	NS

耕作比较 Tillage comparison	βG (%)	CBH (%)	βX (%)
TS vs T	11.25	35.94	32.90
NT vs T	-10.62	-11.39	2.23
NTS vs T	-1.92	63.05	8.21

土层 Soil depth (cm)	C/N				土壤全氮 Soil total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)				土壤含水量 Soil water content (%)				pH
土层 Soil depth (cm)	T	TS	NT	NTS	T	TS	NT	NTS	T	TS	NT	NTS	T	TS	NT	NTS
0-5	6.95	8.9	9.68	9.86	1.20	1.27	1.23	1.21	20.72	24.94	22.52	23.02	8.45	8.22	8.52	8.58
5-10	6.79	8.22	8.36	7.79	0.89	1.17	0.84	0.93	20.71	21.08	20.37	21.00	8.63	8.4	8.46	8.77
10-20	7.92	6.81	6.46	7.26	0.76	0.83	0.79	0.76	19.97	19.45	19.16	19.80	8.67	8.65	8.62	8.92