增密对春玉米籽粒胚乳淀粉粒度分布与黏度参数的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.09.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】密植是提升玉米高产栽培的主要措施之一，同时密度对玉米淀粉形成具有显著影响。因此分析增加种植密度（增密）条件对不同类型春玉米籽粒胚乳淀粉粒度分布与黏度参数，对玉米淀粉品质改善具有重要意义。【方法】于2019和2020年在吉林省公主岭试验基地进行大田试验，选用先玉335、郑单958、农华101等8个东北区域主推玉米品种为试验材料，设置67 500和97 500 株/hm² 2个种植密度，以衍射粒度分析仪以及黏度分析仪测定不同处理籽粒淀粉粒度分布与黏度参数，用近红外分析仪测定玉米相关品质，并进行相关分析，明确增密对春玉米籽粒胚乳淀粉粒度分布与黏度参数的影响。【结果】随着种植密度的增加，玉米籽粒产量与淀粉含量均显著增加，同时密度提高显著增加了大型（>17 μm）淀粉粒体积、表面积、数目百分比，而在小型（<3 μm）淀粉粒体积、表面积、数目百分比中观察到相反的趋势。可见随着种植密度的增加，玉米籽粒小型淀粉粒体积、数目百分比显著降低，大型淀粉粒体积、数目百分比增加，说明增密有利于大型淀粉粒体积比例的提升，即增密促进淀粉的积累，增加大型淀粉粒数目与个体体积的形成。同时研究发现，增密后玉米淀粉峰值黏度、低谷黏度、稀懈值、最终黏度均显著提高。相关分析结果表明，玉米籽粒淀粉含量、产量和黏度参数等与小型淀粉粒体积百分比呈负相关，与中型（3—17 μm）淀粉粒体积百分比呈显著或极显著负相关，与大型(>17 μm)淀粉粒呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】玉米增密主要是通过影响胚乳淀粉粒度分布，即增加大型淀粉粒比例，降低中、小型淀粉粒比例，进而提高了玉米籽粒产量、淀粉含量及黏度参数。

关键词: 玉米, 淀粉含量, 粒度分布, 黏度参数, 种植密度

Abstract:

【Objective】Dense planting is one of the main measures to improve the high yield cultivation of maize, and density has a significant effect on the formation of maize starch. Therefore, this study analyzed the granule size distribution and viscosity parameters of different types of spring maize kernels under different increasing density conditions for improving the quality of maize starch. 【Method】 The field experiments were conducted at the Gongzhuling experimental base in Jilin province in 2019 and 2020. In the present experiments, eight main maize varieties in Northeast China, such as Xianyu 335, Zhengdan 958 and Nonghua 101, etc, were selected as experimental materials, and two planting densities of 67 500 and 97 500 plants/hm² were set. The granule size distribution and viscosity parameters of starch in different treatments were measured by diffraction particle size analyzer and viscosity analyzer, and the relative quality of maize was measured by near-infrared analyzer, and the correlation analysis was conducted to clarify the effects of increasing density on the granule size distribution and viscosity parameters of endosperm starch in spring maize.【Result】The results showed that with the increase of planting density, maize grain yield and starch content increased significantly, and the increase of density significantly increased the volume, surface area and number percentage of large (>17 μm) starch granules, while the opposite trend was observed in the volume, surface area and number percentage of small (<3 μm) starch granules. It could be seen that with the increase of planting density, the volume and number percentage of small starch granules in maize kernels decreased significantly, and the volume and number percentage of large starch granules increased, indicating that increasing density was beneficial to the increase of the volume ratio of large starch granules, that is, increasing density promoted the accumulation of starch and increased the number of large starch granules and the formation of individual volume. At the same time, it was found that the peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown and final viscosity of maize starch were significantly increased after increasing density. The results of correlation analysis showed that the starch content, yield and viscosity parameters of maize grain were negatively correlated with the volume percentage of small starch granules, significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated with the volume percentage of medium (3-17 μm) starch granules, and significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with large (>17 μm) starch granules.【Conclusion】Increasing planting density could increase maize grain yield, starch content and its viscosity parameters by mainly affecting the granule size distribution of endosperm starch, namely increasing the proportion of large starch granules and reducing the proportion of small and medium-sized ones.

Key words: maize, starch content, particle size distribution, viscosity parameter, plant density

路梦莉, 张雅婷, 任红, 王土金, 韩一鸣, 李文阳, 李从锋. 增密对春玉米籽粒胚乳淀粉粒度分布与黏度参数的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(9): 1646-1657.

LU MengLi, ZHANG YaTing, REN Hong, WANG TuJin, HAN YiMing, LI WenYang, LI CongFeng. Effects of Increasing Density on the Granule Size Distribution and Viscosity Parameters of Endosperm Starch in Spring Maize Kernel[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(9): 1646-1657.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.09.003

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2023/V56/I9/1646

图/表 6

表1

增密对春玉米产量及品质的影响"

年份 Year	密度 Density	品种 Cultivar	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	淀粉含量 Starch content (%)	蛋白质含量 Protein content (%)	淀粉产量 Starch yield (kg·hm^-2)	蛋白质产量 Protein yield (kg·hm^-2)
2019	ND	XY335	14542.72±199.21	76.62±0.47	7.25±0.03	11142.80±183.67	1054.81±12.31
		ZD958	13118.24±252.36	74.75±0.31	8.25±0.08	9806.83±228.92	1082.56±10.78
		NH101	12310.72±991.79	75.37±0.55	8.07±0.08	9281.93±805.05	992.57±70.36
		BX809	9151.25±514.72	73.11±0.68	7.71±0.29	6691.60±409.98	705.34±49.36
		XY368	10798.55±990.03	75.08±0.58	8.41±0.19	8107.94±751.07	907.86±87.25
		JNY719	12880.92±201.19	73.21±0.82	7.72±0.12	9431.59±250.26	994.26±6.58
		XY696	11351.73±864.96	71.64±0.21	7.28±0.12	8132.19±623.33	827.38±74.70
		FM985	11687.08±935.30	74.90±0.59	7.61±0.19	8757.11±769.27	888.20±48.00
		AV	11980.15	74.34	7.79	8919.00	931.62
	HD	XY335	16505.05±1214.83	76.37±0.41	6.84±0.05	12603.01±888.80	1128.60±75.74
		ZD958	14512.7±211.56	76.81±0.90	6.67±0.38	11145.57±71.16	967.95±40.39
		NH101	12976.84±254.71	75.94±0.35	7.51±0.12	9853.62±151.81	974.32±34.21
		BX809	14465.65±180.01	75.58±0.72	7.86±0.05	10933.00±201.55	1136.47±9.00
		XY368	13127.79±1008.59	73.23±0.46	9.12±0.17	9610.28±682.54	1196.58±80.34
		JNY719	14145.47±120.22	75.88±0.49	7.37±0.19	10733.80±68.74	1042.07±29.75
		XY696	13829.01±687.88	75.20±0.22	7.79±0.20	10399.44±532.14	1076.25±43.30
		FM985	14361.26±1179.53	73.96±0.50	7.69±0.07	10618.48±824.02	1104.13±86.25
		AV	14240.47	75.37	7.61	10737.15	1078.30
2020	ND	XY335	12083.23±241.20	73.85±0.77	7.57±0.18	8921.87±92.68	914.69±28.12
		ZD958	12493.99±179.65	73.11±0.25	8.41±0.06	9134.23±162.10	1051.14±14.43
		NH101	11832.48±956.84	72.61±0.18	8.84±0.03	8592.72±715.15	1045.53±83.48
		BX809	12495.70±808.13	73.57±0.89	7.84±0.27	9189.16±499.37	980.67±95.75
		XY368	11444.96±593.52	74.93±0.57	7.82±0.19	8575.19±445.57	894.33±29.57
		JNY719	10743.34±536.40	73.88±0.63	7.86±0.21	7935.40±334.59	845.45±62.42
		XY696	12122.54±662.37	73.31±0.62	7.42±0.27	8883.97±415.32	901.04±79.97
		FM985	12066.79±550.79	72.01±0.55	7.90±0.11	8687.68±328.62	953.33±47.29
		AV	11910.38	73.41	7.96	8740.03	948.27
	HD	XY335	15301.08±981.53	75.21±0.32	7.26±0.2	11508.48±763.42	1109.15±45.94
		ZD958	14916.35±800.14	74.28±0.56	8.41±0.06	11080.43±615.97	1254.87±65.21
		NH101	15297.94±423.61	74.64±0.18	7.88±0.24	11418.55±326.59	1206.14±54.87
		BX809	14353.95±120.33	73.66±0.49	7.95±0.16	10573.34±67.02	1140.66±24.74
		XY368	14996.18±209.28	74.76±0.42	7.65±0.06	11211.41±143.89	1147.29±25.01
		JNY719	14157.89±227.39	75.19±0.21	7.49±0.13	10644.62±151.61	1059.81±13.52
		XY696	14306.67±207.41	74.32±0.72	7.35±0.30	10632.70±136.50	1052.19±51.72
		FM985	13563.27±355.49	72.16±0.94	6.80±0.01	9785.83±165.71	922.76±24.70
		AV	14611.67	74.29	7.60	10856.92	1111.61
	F值 F value	Y	1.24	88.15**	5.53*	0.09	5.07*
		D	336.76**	78.39**	59.79**	392.47**	195.35**
		C	12.62**	21.68**	48.45**	17.26**	8.81**
		Y×D	2.66	0.58	6.34**	2.26	0.56
		Y×C	9.57**	16.76**	36.57**	11.51**	9.70**
		D×C	2.09	14.43**	18.54**	2.08	8.61**
		Y×D×C	6.95**	9.019**	17.89**	8.28**	11.56**

表1

表2

增密对春玉米淀粉粒体积分布的影响"

年份 Year	密度 Density	品种 Cultivar	淀粉粒粒径 Diameter of starch granule (%)			D (4,3) (μm)	峰值粒径 Peak diameter (μm)
年份 Year	密度 Density	品种 Cultivar	<3 μm	3-17 μm	>17 μm	D (4,3) (μm)	峰值粒径 Peak diameter (μm)
2019	ND	XY335	6.79±0.03	52.62±0.48	40.59±0.51	15.45±0.08	16.65±0.05
		ZD958	6.44±0.07	48.54±0.31	45.02±0.35	15.93±0.06	17.42±0.02
		NH101	6.77±0.02	51.03±0.09	42.20±0.11	15.58±0.03	17.10±0.02
		BX809	4.64±0.02	43.88±0.28	51.48±0.27	16.98±0.04	18.04±0.05
		XY368	6.74±0.03	49.41±0.01	43.85±0.03	15.76±0.01	17.40±0.01
		JNY719	6.29±0.06	46.17±0.39	47.54±0.44	18.13±0.17	17.25±0.05
		XY696	4.60±0.27	40.83±0.58	54.57±0.82	18.18±0.28	18.28±0.03
		FM985	5.59±1.09	53.55±0.29	40.86±0.86	15.63±0.23	16.63±0.07
		AV	5.98	48.25	45.76	16.45	17.35
	HD	XY335	6.78±0.04	51.54±0.09	41.68±0.07	15.71±0.15	16.82±0.09
		ZD958	4.54±0.01	45.17±0.04	50.29±0.05	16.87±0.01	17.96±0.02
		NH101	6.30±0.03	44.62±0.10	49.08±0.13	17.86±0.04	17.89±0.01
		BX809	6.10±0.05	44.62±0.50	49.28±0.55	17.57±0.18	17.32±0.04
		XY368	5.91±1.04	49.00±0.16	45.09±1.15	16.08±0.26	17.28±0.01
		JNY719	4.35±0.01	41.24±0.02	54.42±0.02	17.37±0.01	18.39±0.01
		XY696	4.44±0.01	43.22±0.14	52.34±0.15	17.14±0.02	18.06±0.04
		FM985	4.94±0.01	55.52±0.10	39.54±0.11	15.61±0.01	16.26±0.03
		AV	5.42	46.87	47.71	16.77	17.50
2020	ND	XY335	4.71±0.02	46.27±0.10	49.02±0.10	16.68±0.02	17.73±0.04
		ZD958	6.66±0.01	48.95±0.10	44.39±0.09	15.86±0.01	17.50±0.04
		NH101	6.45±0.03	45.64±0.14	47.91±0.14	17.45±0.06	17.77±0.01
		BX809	6.09±0.07	40.19±0.11	53.72±0.04	17.56±0.23	18.83±0.07
		XY368	6.59±0.05	49.99±0.09	43.42±0.14	15.77±0.03	17.14±0.01
		JNY719	4.57±0.01	46.69±0.12	48.74±0.13	16.62±0.01	17.66±0.03
		XY696	6.26±0.02	43.36±0.12	50.38±0.14	16.67±0.03	18.30±0.04
		FM985	6.69±0.02	51.77±0.03	41.54±0.05	15.52±0.01	16.92±0.01
		AV	6.00	46.61	47.39	16.52	17.73
	HD	XY335	6.12±0.06	42.90±0.16	50.98±0.10	17.06±0.04	18.25±0.03
		ZD958	6.47±0.03	50.34±0.07	43.19±0.07	15.73±0.01	17.23±0.03
		NH101	6.11±0.07	41.85±0.31	52.04±0.24	17.27±0.04	18.62±0.09
		BX809	4.37±0.01	40.67±0.18	54.96±0.16	17.44±0.01	18.71±0.09
		XY368	4.50±0.02	47.32±0.06	48.18±0.07	16.61±0.01	17.51±0.02
		JNY719	5.54±0.02	35.73±0.12	58.73±0.14a	19.36±0.07	19.10±0.01
		XY696	5.52±0.06	36.35±0.10	58.13±0.15	19.10±0.16	19.12±0.09
		FM985	4.65±0.05	48.30±0.44	47.05±0.49	16.28±0.32	17.45±0.01
		AV	5.41	42.93	51.66	17.36	18.25
	F值 F value	Y	0.0069	3384.58**	1434.05**	165.06**	4028.41**
		D	110.57**	2787.48**	1784.81**	534.95**	1391.87**
		C	36.36**	3419.09**	1643.97**	562.35**	1838.64**
		Y×D	0.08	569.31**	248.10**	107.25**	411.52**
		Y×C	34.37**	500.32**	306.14**	54.34**	432.36**
		D×C	20.51**	407.98**	171.02**	18.94**	418.09**
		Y×D×C	40.37**	295.88**	154.57**	217.54**	128.56**

表2

表3

表4

表5

增密对春玉米淀粉黏度参数的影响"

年份 Year	密度 Density	品种 Cultivar	峰值黏度 Peak viscosity (cP)	稀懈值 Breakdown viscosity (cP)	低谷黏度 Hold viscosity (cP)	最终黏度 Final viscosity (cP)
2019	ND	XY335	1702.00±56.35	590.00±15.62	1112.00±40.73	2268.67±31.13
		ZD958	1454.00±53.81	498.67±40.07	955.67±16.26	2226.33±48.79
		NH101	1731.00±62.23	620.67±18.61	1110.33±56.15	2327.00±73.18
		BX809	1545.33±26.16	600.67±61.78	976.33±20.55	2105.67±27.50
		XY368	1354.67±31.02	426.33±72.60	983.00±11.27	2105.33±41.26
		JNY719	1623.33±10.97	578.67±63.54	1082.67±11.50	2242.00±25.00
		XY696	1854.33±21.08	534.33±26.03	1123.33±14.05	2257.33±41.20
		FM985	1341.67±26.54	437.33±69.01	969.33±22.50	1876.33±50.66
		AV	1575.79	535.83	1039.08	2176.08
	HD	XY335	1788.33±38.28	598.67±6.03	1189.67±43.98	2504.33±73.66
		ZD958	1658.33±48.17	564.67±38.63	1093.67±11.93	2299.67±48.64
		NH101	1745.67±65.61	617.00±24.06	1128.67±41.55	2302.00±68.94
		BX809	1736.00±30.45	680.00±52.00	1115.67±25.03	2395.33±51.54
		XY368	1383.67±18.58	416.33±26.69	967.33±8.62	2101.67±13.32
		JNY719	1743.33±30.89	612.67±16.26	1130.67±17.93	2306.33±31.21
		XY696	1488.33±19.30	731.00±24.06	954.00±17.06	1973.67±19.66
		FM985	1379.00±53.51	448.00±44.93	931.00±10.15	1895.00±38.43
		AV	1615.33	583.54	1063.83	2222.25
2020	ND	XY335	1081.67±15.28	201.00±17.35	880.67±6.66	1903.00±3.61
		ZD958	813.33±9.07	19.33±4.16	794.00±13.00	1554.00±28.93
		NH101	1087.67±40.07	164.00±18.03	923.67±22.59	1923.33±56.87
		BX809	1298.67±16.77	325.67±36.17	973.00±31.19	2016.67±20.03
		XY368	787.00±17.52	163.33±9.61	623.67±8.33	1295.00±18.33
		JNY719	902.67±10.41	185.67±13.05	717.00±6.08	1566.67±17.24
		XY696	1168.00±28.48	328.00±19.08	840.00±11.36	1676.33±25.42
		FM985	907.33±7.02	131.33±11.93	776.00±5.20	1437.67±13.01
		AV	1005.79	189.79	816.00	1671.58
	HD	XY335	1211.33±15.89	126.33±12.42	1085.00±3.61	2091.33±16.80
		ZD958	792.67±31.01	70.67±29.14	722.00±9.17	1426.00±25.24
		NH101	1177.67±88.27	221.33±41.40	956.33±47.01	1833.67±21.55
		BX809	1003.67±16.86	182.00±8.72	821.67±8.14	1606.67±25.15
		XY368	1018.00±31.43	113.33±20.11	904.67±39.15	1773.67±78.65
		JNY719	1097.33±51.60	348.67±31.82	748.67±20.60	1664.33±56.41
		XY696	1280.33±23.12	393.00±6.56	887.33±17.39	1897.67±17.93
		FM985	1140.00±27.84	405.67±15.50	734.33±12.86	1450.00±27.62
		AV	1090.13	232.63	857.50	1717.92
	F值 F value	Y	5270.71**	2487.43**	1907.41**	3711.13**
		D	67.43**	41.98**	45.40**	31.20**
		C	152.82**	58.81**	119.66**	198.39**
		Y×D	8.82**	0.12	2.90	0.0001
		Y×C	41.17**	27.15**	27.92**	40.95**
		D×C	22.23**	13.87**	27.62**	25.96**
		Y×D×C	46.40**	15.14**	51.32**	66.76**

表5

图1

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年份 Year	密度 Density	品种 Cultivars	淀粉粒粒径 Diameter of starch granule (%)
年份 Year	密度 Density	品种 Cultivars	<3 μm	3-17 μm	>17 μm
2019	ND	XY335	44.48±0.12	38.95±0.29	16.57±0.22
		ZD958	43.53±0.06	37.54±0.30	18.94±0.34
		NH101	44.53±0.13	38.31±0.07	17.16±0.09
		BX809	36.98±0.09	37.50±0.17	25.52±0.13
		XY368	44.22±0.15	37.95±0.09	17.83±0.07
		JNY719	44.18±0.04	36.74±0.07	19.08±0.04
		XY696	43.49±0.07	34.83±0.59	21.68±0.52
		FM985	37.20±0.07	43.17±0.17	19.62±0.22
		AV	42.33	38.13	19.55
	HD	XY335	44.51±0.26	38.53±0.14	16.96±0.16
		ZD958	36.03±0.11	39.08±0.08	24.89±0.04
		NH101	43.93±0.10	36.29±0.05	19.77±0.15
		BX809	43.65±0.03	37.02±0.11	19.33±0.09
		XY368	43.67±0.05	37.63±0.11	18.70±0.15
		JNY719	35.63±0.06	36.43±0.05	27.93±0.02
		XY696	36.15±0.01	37.33±0.06	26.52±0.06
		FM985	36.93±0.04	44.08±0.05	18.99±0.08
		AV	40.06	38.30	21.64
2020	ND	XY335	36.79±0.07	39.20±0.07	24.01±0.02
		ZD958	44.86±0.06	37.23±0.01	17.90±0.06
		NH101	45.10±0.38	35.91±0.59	18.99±0.22
		BX809	43.94±0.12	32.87±0.11	23.19±0.18
		XY368	44.67±0.16	37.62±0.06	17.71±0.14
		JNY719	35.85±0.06	40.13±0.08	24.02±0.08
		XY696	43.68±0.07	34.91±0.07	21.41±0.09
		FM985	43.88±0.49	39.14±0.64	16.98±0.16
		AV	42.35	37.13	20.53
	HD	XY335	43.91±0.73	34.41±0.50	21.68±0.23
		ZD958	43.10±0.05	38.95±0.05	17.95±0.04
		NH101	43.78±0.77	34.22±0.60	22.00±0.23
		BX809	35.95±0.10	35.99±0.03	28.07±0.11
		XY368	35.28±0.04	40.70±0.04	24.02±0.07
		JNY719	42.58±0.07	31.31±0.02	26.11±0.09
		XY696	41.94±0.07	32.73±0.89	25.34±0.84
		FM985	36.37±0.14	40.32±0.08	23.31±0.06
		AV	40.36	36.08	23.56
	F值 F value	Y	10.95**	711.35**	1078.40**
		D	1921.53**	52.26**	3366.24**
		C	697.73**	621.16**	1290.18**
		Y×D	8.14**	102.44**	114.65**
		Y×C	526.37**	93.08**	557.08**
		D×C	462.36**	180.84**	329.90**
		Y×D×C	1316.48**	154.55**	646.63**

年份 Year	密度 Density	品种 Cultivar	淀粉粒粒径 Diameter of starch granule (%)
年份 Year	密度 Density	品种 Cultivar	<3 μm	3-17 μm	>17 μm
2019	ND	XY335	98.49±0.02	1.41±0.03	0.10±0.01
		ZD958	98.39±0.02	1.49±0.02	0.12±0.01
		NH101	98.47±0.01	1.42±0.01	0.11±0.01
		BX809	98.31±0.01	1.50±0.01	0.19±0.00
		XY368	98.35±0.02	1.54±0.02	0.11±0.00
		JNY719	98.50±0.01	1.39±0.01	0.11±0.00
		XY696	98.33±0.01	1.54±0.01	0.13±0.00
		FM985	98.28±0.01	1.55±0.01	0.16±0.01
		AV	98.39	1.48	0.13
	HD	XY335	98.46±0.04	1.44±0.03	0.10±0.01
		ZD958	98.17±0.03	1.64±0.03	0.19±0.00
		NH101	98.42±0.01	1.47±0.01	0.12±0.01
		BX809	98.40±0.01	1.49±0.01	0.11±0.00
		XY368	98.41±0.01	1.47±0.01	0.12±0.01
		JNY719	98.22±0.01	1.56±0.01	0.22±0.00
		XY696	98.31±0.01	1.48±0.01	0.21±0.00
		FM985	98.31±0.01	1.54±0.01	0.15±0.00
		AV	98.34	1.51	0.15
2020	ND	XY335	98.65±0.01	1.22±0.01	0.13±0.01
		ZD958	98.55±0.01	1.35±0.01	0.10±0.00
		NH101	98.59±0.14	1.31±0.14	0.10±0.00
		BX809	98.52±0.01	1.35±0.01	0.14±0.01
		XY368	98.50±0.01	1.40±0.01	0.10±0.00
		JNY719	97.97±0.01	1.84±0.01	0.19±0.00
		XY696	98.33±0.02	1.54±0.02	0.13±0.00
		FM985	98.22±0.01	1.67±0.01	0.11±0.00
		AV	98.42	1.46	0.12
	HD	XY335	98.25±0.01	1.57±0.00	0.18±0.01
		ZD958	98.31±0.00	1.57±0.00	0.12±0.00
		NH101	98.46±0.02	1.41±0.02	0.13±0.01
		BX809	98.25±0.04	1.56±0.08	0.19±0.04
		XY368	98.04±0.01	1.76±0.01	0.20±0.00
		JNY719	98.45±0.01	1.39±0.01	0.16±0.00
		XY696	98.36±0.01	1.47±0.01	0.17±0.01
		FM985	98.23±0.04	1.61±0.08	0.16±0.03
		AV	98.29	1.54	0.16
	F值 F value	Y	2.1162	0.8098	1.2905
		D	219.76**	69.54**	201.65**
		C	86.50**	46.37**	36.75**
		Y×D	33.06**	14.74**	12.94**
		Y×C	35.00**	20.23**	26.28**
		D×C	50.18**	38.12**	14.50**
		Y×D×C	134.23**	65.98**	50.18**