葡聚糖改性磷肥对冬小麦产量和肥料利用率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.12.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究不同聚合度葡聚糖与磷肥反应制备的葡聚糖改性磷肥对小麦生长和土壤磷有效性的影响，以期为葡聚糖在磷肥上的应用提供科学支撑和理论依据。【方法】将葡萄糖（单体）、麦芽糖（2聚）、低聚麦芽糖（≈5聚）和聚葡萄糖（≈20聚）按1%添加量加入磷酸与氢氧化钾混合液中，利用反应法制备葡萄糖改性磷肥（GP）、麦芽糖改性磷肥（MP）、低聚麦芽糖改性磷肥（OP）和聚葡萄糖改性磷肥（PP），同时，制备仅反应不添加葡聚糖的普通磷肥（P）。利用傅里叶红外变换光谱（FTIR）和³¹P核磁共振波谱（³¹P NMR）探究葡聚糖与磷肥反应的结构特征，按照等磷量原则分别设置P、GP、MP、OP和PP等5个处理，以仅施氮钾肥处理为对照（CK），通过土柱栽培试验明晰不同聚合度葡聚糖改性磷肥对小麦产量和肥料利用率的影响。【结果】（1）与P处理相比，葡聚糖改性磷肥的FTIR谱图在975 cm^-1处出现新的振动峰，³¹P NMR波谱在3.09—4.51 ppm出现新的位移峰，可能是葡聚糖的羟基与磷酸发生反应生成正磷酸单酯。（2）不同聚合度葡聚糖改性磷肥（GP、MP、OP和PP）处理的小麦产量分别较P处理提高5.1%、9.3%、11.2%和1.4%，主要通过增加穗数实现增产，其次是穗粒数。（3）与P处理相比，不同聚合度葡聚糖改性磷肥处理的小麦磷素总吸收量显著提高8.2%—21.4%，其中，OP处理显著高于其他处理。（4）葡聚糖改性磷肥处理的磷肥表观利用率较P处理提高4.4—11.5个百分点，磷肥偏生产力、磷肥农学效率分别提高1.4%—11.2%和1.6%—13.1%。MP和OP处理的磷肥利用率均显著高于P处理。（5）葡聚糖改性磷肥处理的土壤速效磷含量较P处理显著提高10.2%—29.9%，且OP处理显著高于其他聚糖改性磷肥处理。【结论】与普通磷肥相比，不同聚合度葡聚糖改性磷肥均能提高小麦产量，促进小麦对磷素的吸收利用，提高土壤速效磷含量，减少磷肥固定。随着葡聚糖聚合度的增加，小麦产量和磷肥表观利用率均先增加后降低。葡聚糖聚合度为4—6时，其对磷肥的改性效果最佳。

关键词: 葡聚糖, 葡聚糖聚合度, 磷肥, 小麦产量, 肥料利用率

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dextran modified phosphate fertilizer prepared by the reaction between dextran and phosphate fertilizer with different polymerization degrees on the growth and soil phosphorus effectiveness of wheat, so as to provide the scientific support and theoretical basis for the application of dextran in phosphate fertilizer. 【Method】By using the reaction method, glucose (monomer), maltose (2-polymer), oligomaltose (≈5-polymer) and polydextrose (≈20-polymer) were added to a mixture of phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide at 1% addition to prepare glucose-modified phosphate fertilizer (GP), maltose-modified phosphate fertilizer (MP), oligomaltose-modified phosphate fertilizer (OP) and polydextrose-modified phosphate fertilizer (PP), and the normal phosphate fertilizer (P) was prepared without the addition of dextran. The structural characteristics of the reaction between dextran and phosphate fertilizer were investigated by Fourier infrared transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (³¹P NMR). Five treatments, including P, GP, MP, OP, and PP, were set up according to the principle of equal phosphorus amount, and the control (CK) was applied with only nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. The effect of different polymeric dextran modified phosphate fertilizers on wheat yield and fertilizer utilization was investigated by soil column cultivation. 【Result】(1) Compared with P, the FTIR spectra of dextran modified phosphate fertilizer showed a new vibration peak at 975 cm^-1, and the ³¹P NMR spectra showed a new displacement peak at 3.09-4.51 ppm, which might be due to the reaction between the hydroxyl group of dextran and phosphoric acid to form orthophosphate monoester. (2) Wheat yields were increased by 5.1%, 9.3%, 11.2% and 1.4% for the treatments with different polymerization degrees of dextran modified phosphate fertilizers (GP, MP, OP and PP) compared with P, respectively, mainly through the number of spikes, followed by the number of grains. (3) Compared with P, the total phosphorus uptake of wheat was significantly higher by 8.2%-21.4% under different polymerization degrees of dextran modified phosphate fertilizer treatments, among which, OP treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. (4) The apparent phosphate fertilizer utilization rate of dextran modified phosphate fertilizer treatment was increased by 4.4-11.5 percentage points compared with P. The phosphate fertilizer bias productivity and phosphorus fertilizer agronomic efficiency were increased by 1.4%-11.2% and 1.6%-13.1%, respectively. The phosphate fertilizer utilization rate of both MP and OP treatments were significantly higher than P. (5) Compared with P, the soil fast-acting phosphorus content of dextran modified phosphate fertilizer treatment was significantly higher 10.2%-29.9%, and the OP treatment was significantly higher than the other dextran modified phosphorus fertilizer treatments. 【Conclusion】 Compared with common phosphate fertilizer, all dextran modified phosphate fertilizers with different polymerization degrees could improve wheat yield, promote the uptake and utilization of phosphorus in wheat, increase soil fast-acting phosphorus content, and reduce phosphorus fertilizer fixation. With the increase of dextran polymerization degree, wheat yield and apparent phosphorus fertilizer utilization increased first and then decreased. The best effect of dextran polymerization on the modification and efficiency of phosphate fertilizer was achieved when the polymerization degree of dextran was 4-6.

Key words: dextran, dextran polymerization degree, phosphate fertilizer, wheat yield, fertilizer utilization rate

严艳鸽, 张水勤, 李燕婷, 赵秉强, 袁亮. 葡聚糖改性磷肥对冬小麦产量和肥料利用率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(12): 2317-2328.

YAN YanGe, ZHANG ShuiQin, LI YanTing, ZHAO BingQiang, YUAN Liang. Effect of Dextran Modified Phosphate Fertilizer on the Winter Wheat Yield and Fertilizer Utilization Rate[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(12): 2317-2328.

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肥料 Fertilizer	代号 Code	葡聚糖聚合度 Polymerization degree of dextran	P₂O₅含量 P₂O₅content (%)
普通磷肥Common phosphate fertilizer	P	—	36.08
葡萄糖改性磷肥Glucose modified phosphate fertilizer	GP	1	35.11
麦芽糖改性磷肥Maltose modified phosphate fertilizer	MP	2	35.97
低聚麦芽糖改性磷肥Oligomeric maltose modified phosphate fertilizer	OP	≈5	35.45
聚葡萄糖改性磷肥Polyglucose modified phosphate fertilizer	PP	≈20	35.48

峰值 Wave (cm^-1)	基团 Group
3500-2921	PO-H^[25-26]
1664-1630	HPO₄^2-[25⇓-27]
1605	H₂PO₄^-[27-28]
1140-910	P-OH、P=O或P-O-C^[25-26,29]
975	P-O-C^[29]
852	P-(OH)₃或P-O-R^[28-29]
546	PO₄^[25,29]

处理 Treatment	K₃PO₄	K₂HPO₄	正磷酸单酯 Orthophosphate monoester
P		100.00
GP	29.88	58.72	11.40
MP	36.19	52.38	11.13
OP	31.37	58.82	9.81
PP	78.43	13.73	7.84

处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number (No./pot)	穗粒数 Grains per ear	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
CK	14.00c	17.49b	44.44b
P	38.00b	40.74a	47.53a
GP	39.25ab	40.82a	48.19a
MP	40.75ab	40.54a	48.58a
OP	41.25a	41.55a	47.67a
PP	39.75ab	38.11a	49.30a

产量构成要素 Yield component	决策系数 Decision coefficient	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	间接通径系数Indirect path coefficient
产量构成要素 Yield component	决策系数 Decision coefficient	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	→穗数 Spike number	→穗粒数 Grains per ear	→千粒重 1000-grain weight
穗数 Spike number	0.242	0.515		0.448	0.022
穗粒数 Grains per ear	0.240	0.477	0.484		0.020
千粒重 1000-grain weight	0.021	0.035	0.325	0.278