紫色土坡耕地耕层持水抗旱性能及生产力对侵蚀程度的响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.07.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】分析侵蚀条件下紫色土坡耕地耕层持水性能与产量响应特征，为调控坡耕地季节性干旱及水分利用效率、提升侵蚀条件下坡耕地玉米产量提供理论依据。【方法】采用铲土侵蚀模拟法，以未侵蚀地块为对照组（S_-0），对比分析 5 cm（S_-5）、10 cm（S_-10）、15 cm（S_-15）、20 cm（S_-20）侵蚀程度和3种管理措施下（不施肥（CK）、施化肥（F）、生物炭+化肥（BF）），坡耕地耕层持水抗旱性能和玉米产量的年际变化特征及对侵蚀程度的响应。【结果】（1）坡耕地心土层土壤持水性能更强。在相同水平土壤水吸力下，耕作层土壤容积含水量降低幅度（13.9%—18.2%）较心土层更大（9.8%）；随年际变化，土壤容积含水量在S_-5时增幅最大为耕作层（14.2%），而心土层表现为在S_-15最大（33.2%）。（2）坡耕地土壤总库容、兴利库容、最大有效库容及有效水分含量，随侵蚀加剧呈开口朝下的抛物线变化规律。随年际变化，各侵蚀程度下土壤最大有效库容最大增幅（44.7%）处于较强烈侵蚀程度（S_-15），而有效水分含量、最大储水量及单次接纳最大降雨量在微弱侵蚀程度下（S_-0至S_-10）提升幅度最大。（3）坡耕地玉米产量随侵蚀加剧总体呈降低趋势，且与土壤最大有效库容、田间持水量有正相关关系；随年际变化，各侵蚀程度下坡耕地减产效果降低，且产量变化随侵蚀加剧呈一定滞后性，即侵蚀发生年产量无明显减产。（4）侵蚀条件下坡耕地土壤最大有效库容主要受土壤质地中黏粒含量、毛管孔隙度和有机质含量显著影响（P<0.01）；而田间持水量与土层深度、有机质、粉粒及孔隙度呈极显著关系（P<0.01）。【结论】土壤持水抗旱性能的强弱主要受土壤结构优劣的影响。对坡耕地侵蚀耕层辅以深翻耕作和生物炭+化肥管理措施改善土壤结构，可有效调控坡耕地侵蚀性耕层持水抗旱性能，提升侵蚀条件下坡耕地作物产量。

关键词: 紫色土, 坡耕地, 持水性能, 抗旱性能, 土壤侵蚀, 土壤库容, 玉米

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to analyze the water-holding performance and yield response characteristics of purple soil slope farmland under erosion conditions, so as to provide the theoretical basis for regulating seasonal drought and moisture use efficiency of sloping farmland, and improve yield of sloping farmland under erosion conditions.【Method】 Soil erosion simulation method was adopted, with the non-eroded plot as the control group (S_-0), and based on erosion degrees of 5 cm (S_-5), 10 cm (S_-10), 15 cm (S_-15), 20 cm (S_-20) and 3 management measures (no fertilizer (CK), fertilizer (F), biochar + fertilizer (BF)). The variation of water retention and drought resistance of slope soil layer and the variation of corn yield and response to erosion degree were compared and analyzed.【Result】(1) The core soil layer soil water-holding performance was stronger. At the same level of soil moisture suction, the reduction amplitude of soil volume moisture content in the tillage layer (13.9%-18.2%) was greater than that in the core soil layer (9.8%); with interannual changes, the volumetric moisture content of the cultivated soil increased maximum at S_-5 (14.2%), while the core soil layer showed the maximum at S_-15 (33.2%). (2) The total storage capacity, active storage capacity, maximum effective storage capacity, and effective moisture content of sloping farmland soil showed a parabolic variation pattern with increasing erosion. With interannual changes, the maximum increase in maximum effective storage capacity (44.7%) at various erosion levels was at a relatively strong erosion level (S_-15), while the maximum increase in effective moisture content, maximum water storage capacity, and maximum single acceptance rainfall was at weak erosion levels (S_-0 to S_-10). (3) The corn yield of slope cultivated land decreased with the increase of erosion, which was positively correlated with the maximum effective storage capacity and field water capacity; with interannual changes, the yield reduction effect of sloping farmland decreased under different degrees of erosion, and the yield change showed a certain lag with the deterioration of erosion, that is, there was no significant reduction in yield in the year of erosion. (4) The maximum effective storage capacity of sloping farmland soil under erosion conditions was significantly affected by the clay content, capillary porosity, and organic matter content (P<0.01); The field water capacity was significantly correlated with soil depth, organic matter, silt, and porosity (P<0.01).【Conclusion】The strength of the soil water-holding and drought performance was mainly affected by the merits of the soil structure. The soil structure of slope farmland under erosion conditions could be improved by combining deep tillage and biochar+fertilizer management measures, which could effectively regulate the water-holding and drought resistance of erosive cultivated-layer of sloping farmland and improve crop yield of sloping farmland under erosion conditions.

Key words: purple soil, sloping farmland, water-holding characteristic, drought resistance, soil erosion, soil reservoir capacity, corn

倪书辉, 史东梅, 盘礼东, 叶青, 伍俊豪. 紫色土坡耕地耕层持水抗旱性能及生产力对侵蚀程度的响应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(7): 1350-1362.

NI ShuHui, SHI DongMei, PAN LiDong, YE Qing, WU JunHao. Response of Cultivated-Layer Water-Holding and Drought Resistance Performance and Productivity to Erosion Degree in Purple Soil Sloping Farmland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(7): 1350-1362.

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编号 No.	模拟侵蚀深度 Simulated erosion depth (cm)	模拟侵蚀年限Simulated erosion age (a)	耕作层厚度 Top layer thickness (cm)	原始土层Primary soil layer (cm)
编号 No.	模拟侵蚀深度 Simulated erosion depth (cm)	模拟侵蚀年限Simulated erosion age (a)	耕作层厚度 Top layer thickness (cm)	0-20	20-25	25-30	30-35	35-40
S_-0	0	0	20	20	-	-	-	-
S_-5	5	20	20	15.55	4.45	-	-	-
S_-10	10	40	20	12.09	3.46	4.45	-	-
S_-15	15	60	20	9.40	2.69	3.46	4.45	-
S_-20	20	80	20	5.50	3.90	2.69	3.46	4.45