中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (5): 962-976.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.05.010

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

西北地区玉米生产投入及生态环境风险评价

乔远1,2(),杨欢1,雒金麟1,汪思娴1,梁蓝月1,陈新平1,2,张务帅1,2()   

  1. 1西南大学资源环境学院,重庆 400715
    2西南大学长江经济带农业绿色发展研究中心,重庆 400715
  • 收稿日期:2021-01-25 接受日期:2021-06-16 出版日期:2022-03-01 发布日期:2022-03-08
  • 通讯作者: 张务帅
  • 作者简介:乔远,E-mail: qy040018@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家玉米产业技术体系(CARS-02-15);中央高校基本科研业务费(XDJK2020C069)

Inputs and Ecological Environment Risks Assessment of Maize Production in Northwest China

QIAO Yuan1,2(),YANG Huan1,LUO JinLin1,WANG SiXian1,LIANG LanYue1,CHEN XinPing1,2,ZHANG WuShuai1,2()   

  1. 1College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715
    2Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715
  • Received:2021-01-25 Accepted:2021-06-16 Online:2022-03-01 Published:2022-03-08
  • Contact: WuShuai ZHANG

摘要:

【目的】明确西北地区玉米生产的投入与生态环境风险。【方法】基于生命周期评价(LCA)方法对西北地区六省或自治区(新疆、陕西、山西、宁夏、内蒙古、甘肃)15年间(2004—2018年)玉米生产的投入(肥料、农药、柴油、地膜、种子及人工)与生态环境风险(温室气体排放、土壤酸化、水体富营养化及人体毒性)进行评价,定量化该地区单位面积(hm2)玉米生产投入与生态环境风险及其时空变化。【结果】西北地区玉米生产投入与生态环境风险较高,15年间平均肥料投入为233.1 kg N·hm-2,106.3 kg P2O5·hm-2和23.3 kg K2O·hm-2,农药、柴油、地膜、种子、人工投入量分别为6.5 kg·hm-2、93.2 L·hm-2、13.7 kg·hm-2、38.8 kg·hm-2和120.1 h·hm-2。玉米平均产量为7.9 t·hm-2,温室气体排放量为4 188 kg CO2 eq·hm-2,土壤酸化潜值为155.3 kg SO2-eq·hm-2,水体富营养化潜值为52.6 kg PO4-eq·hm-2,人体毒性为2.9 kg 1,4-DCB-eq·hm-2。相较于2004年,2018年西北地区玉米生产种植面积和玉米单产分别增加了79%和26.9%;投入整体呈现上升趋势,其中氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的单位面积投入量分别增加9.2%、52.7%和203.7%,农药、柴油、地膜的单位面积用量分别增加了303%、143%和108%,而种子和人工的单位面积投入量则分别降低了38.6%和50.8%。西北地区玉米生产的生态环境风险则整体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,其中单位面积温室气体排放量、土壤酸化潜值、水体富营养化潜值以及人体毒性分别增加了13.6%、15.8%、2.6%和302.5%。西北地区玉米生产15年间单位面积氮肥投入量及温室气体排放量最高的年份均为2016年,最低均为2007年。西北地区不同省份玉米生产单位面积的投入与生态环境风险存在较大差异。其中,甘肃的氮肥、地膜和人工单位面积投入量最高,3种投入的最低省区分别为山西、陕西和内蒙古;新疆的磷肥和柴油投入量最高,最低均为陕西;山西的钾肥投入量最高,最低为新疆;农药和种子的投入量最高分别为宁夏和新疆,最低均为山西,玉米的种植面积与单产最高的省区分别为内蒙古和新疆,最低的分别为宁夏和陕西。同时温室气体排放量与土壤酸化潜值均为甘肃最高,水体富营养化潜值为陕西最高,人体毒性为宁夏最高,均为山西最低;西北地区玉米生产投入量与生态环境风险综合值最高的省区为宁夏,山西为西北地区玉米生产综合生态环境风险最低的省份。【结论】西北地区玉米生产呈现高投入、高产出、高风险的特点,其投入与生态环境风险在不同时间和空间尺度上均存在较大差异。2004—2018年,西北地区玉米的种植面积、单产、投入整体呈增加趋势,生态环境风险整体呈现先上升后下降的趋势。未来玉米生产布局可考虑向高产和低环境风险的省份倾斜,在实现高产的同时降低生态环境风险。

关键词: 西北地区, 生命周期评价, 玉米, 投入, 生态环境风险

Abstract:

【Objective】Make clear the input and ecological environment risk of maize production in Northwest China. 【Method】Based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, the inputs (fertilizer, pesticide, diesel, mulch, seed, and labor) and ecological environment risks (greenhouse gas emissions, soil acidification, water eutrophication and human toxicity) of maize production in six provinces (Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Gansu) of Northwest China during the past 15 years (2004-2018) were evaluated, and the inputs, ecological environmental risks and spatiotemporal variations of maize production per unit area (per hectare) in those resources were quantitatively evaluated. 【Result】 Inputs and ecological environment risks of maize production were high in Northwest China. The average fertilizer input in past 15 years was 233.1 kg N·hm-2, 106.3 kg P2O5·hm-2, 23.3 kg K2O·hm-2, while the pesticide, diesel, mulch, seed and labor inputs were 6.5 kg·hm-2, 93.2 L·hm-2, 13.7 kg·hm-2, 38.8 kg·hm-2 and 120.1 h·hm-2, respectively. The average maize yield was 7.9 t·hm-2. The averaged greenhouse gas emissions was 4 188 kg CO2-eq·hm-2, the soil acidification potential was 155.3 kg SO2-eq·hm-2, the water eutrophication 52.6 kg PO4-eq·hm-2, and the human toxicity was 2.9 kg 1, 4-DCB-eq·hm-2. Compared with the data in 2004, the overall input for maize production of Northwest China in 2018 was increased, showing an overall increased trend. The rates of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer per unit area increased by 9.2%, 52.7% and 203.7%, respectively; the rate of pesticide, diesel oil and mulch per unit area increased by 303%, 143% and 108%, respectively. The rates of seed and labor per unit area decreased by 38.6% and 50.8%, respectively, while the planting area and maize yield increased by 79% and 26.9%, respectively. On the whole, the multiple ecological environment risks showed a first increased and then decreased trend, in which the greenhouse gas emissions, soil acidification potential, water eutrophication potential and human toxicity per unit area increased by 13.6%, 15.8%, 2.6% and 302.5%, respectively. Among the 15 years of maize production in Northwest China, the highest nitrogen fertilizer input and greenhouse gas emissions per unit area were observed in 2016, and the lowest were observed in 2007. The inputs and ecological environment risks of maize production in different provinces of Northwest China were significantly different. In terms of unit area, the rate of nitrogen fertilizer, mulch and labor input was the highest in Gansu, and the lowest in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, respectively. The rate of phosphorus fertilizer and diesel was the highest in Xinjiang, and the lowest was Shaanxi. The rate of potassium fertilizer was the highest in Shanxi and the lowest in Xinjiang. The rate of pesticides and seeds was the highest in Ningxia and Xinjiang, and the lowest in Shanxi. The planting area and maize grain yield were the highest in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, and the lowest in Ningxia and Shaanxi, respectively. Simultaneously, the greenhouse gas emission and soil acidification potential were the highest in Gansu, the water eutrophication potential was the highest in Shaanxi, and the human toxicity was the highest in Ningxia and the lowest in Shanxi. The comprehensive value of inputs and ecological environment risks for maize production in Northwest China was the highest in Ningxia. Shanxi achieved the lowest comprehensive value of ecological environment risks for maize production in Northwest China. 【Conclusion】The maize production in Northwest China was characterized by “high input, high yield and high risk”, while the inputs and ecological environment risk were quite different in different spatiotemporal scale. From 2004 to 2018, the planting area, grain yield, and inputs were totally increased slightly, while the ecological environment risk showed a first increased and then decreased trend. The maize production could be considered to incline to high-yield and low-environmental risk areas, and achieve high yields and low ecological environment risks in the future.

Key words: Northwest China, life cycle assessment, maize, input, ecological environment risk