有机物料等氮量施用对紫色土氮形态及温室气体排放的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.21.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】在等氮施用的条件下,研究几种农业有机物料与化肥配合施用对蔬菜连作种植模式的菜地土壤氮形态及温室气体的动态变化的影响,为菜地化肥减量施用及绿色环保提供科学依据。并从温室气体减排角度,为旱地土壤的培肥提供理论参考。【方法】通过田间原位试验,设置了对照即不添加化肥和物料（CK）、常规化肥（F）、秸秆+化肥（SF）、菌渣+化肥（MF）、生物质炭+化肥（BF）、牛粪+化肥（CF）等处理,分析土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、碱解氮和全氮分布特征。同时采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对比分析在化肥减量的基础上,添加物料处理的紫色土（莴笋-卷心菜-辣椒轮作）CO₂、CH₄、N₂O动态变化和温室效应。【结果】等养分投入的条件下,有机物料的添加改变土壤氮形态分布,SF和MF处理主要在料还田前期能增加土壤铵态氮含量,CF处理能提高莴笋和卷心菜季的土壤铵态氮含量,BF处理则提高了辣椒季硝态氮和碱解氮含量。在整个试验观测期内,N₂O、CO₂、CH₄3种气体的排放具有一定的季节变化规律,各气体均在夏季出现了排放高峰,且在施肥灌水后也会出现气体的排放峰。与F处理相比,试验期内BF处理的N₂O平均排放量降低了7.5%,而CF处理则显著增加了233.5%。有机物料与化肥配施较CK和F处理增加了CO₂排放,其中MF和CF处理最为明显,平均排放通量较F处理分别提高了35.6%和31.3%,BF处理则推迟CO₂排放峰,且在高温多雨的夏季增加CO₂排放量。各处理的CH₄排放多为负值,表现为大气中CH₄汇,且在辣椒季波动较为明显,其中BF处理在高温多水的短期内可达到CH₄排放峰值（668.7 μg·m ^-2·h ^-1）;SF、MF和BF较F处理的CH₄平均排放通量分别显著下降了104.85%、175.2%和77.5%,其中SF和MF处理分别为-0.1和-1.3 kg·hm ^-2,较其他处理能促进CH₄吸收,减少CH₄产生和排放。但有机物料与化肥配施处理的温室气体的增温潜势较CK和F处理分别增加了26.7%—52.4%和18.1%—42.0%,其中SF处理的增温潜势最低,其次为BF处理。【结论】不同的有机物料对土壤氮形态分布及N₂O、CO₂、CH₄排放的影响各不相同。几种有机物料中,生物质炭、秸秆与化肥配施还田相较于其他处理能增加有效氮含量,减少温室气体的排放,而牛粪与化肥配施则会增加温室气体排放。

关键词: 紫色土, 有机物料, 氮形态, 温室气体, 增温潜势

Abstract:

【Objective】In this study, the effects of agricultural organic materials combined with chemical fertilizer on soil nitrogen species (ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available nitrogen and total nitrogen) and greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O)) emission were investigated to provide knowledge for chemical fertilizer reduction and friendly environment according to the same nitrogen rate addition. From the aspect of greenhouse gases mitigation, theoretical suggestions were also provided for dry land fertilization strategy. 【Method】 A vegetable rotation cropping experiment (lettuce-cabbage-chili rotation) with six treatments was carried out on purple soil in the field, and the treatments were control without any chemical fertilizer and organic material (CK), conventional fertilizing (F), straw returning with chemical fertilizing (SF), mushroom dregs returning with chemical fertilizing (MF), biochar returning with chemical fertilizing (BF), and cow dung returning with chemical fertilizing (CF). The variations of mineral nitrogen, available nitrogen and total nitrogen contents and the emissions of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O from soil were monitored from November 2016 to September 2017.【Result】 In the condition of equal nitrogen rates, organic materials could change the formation of soil nitrogen. The contents of ammonium nitrogen increased after organic materials application in SF and MF treatments. CF treatment could increase the content of ammonium nitrogen during lettuce and cabbage growth seasons, and BF treatment increased the content of nitrate nitrogen and available nitrogen during chili growth season. Seasonal dependent CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O emission was found and high emission mainly occurred during summer. Fertilization and irrigation events also increased CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O emission. Compared with F treatment, N₂O emission reduced by 7.5% under BF treatment, but significantly increased by 233.5% under CF treatment. Combined application of organic materials and chemical fertilizer could increase the CO₂ emission. Significant increases of CO₂ emission were found under MF and CF treatments, which increased the mean CO₂ emission flux of 35.6% and 31.3% compared with F treatment, respectively. However, biochar returning delayed the emission peak of CO₂and increased the CO₂emission during summer. Negative CH₄emission was found in most treatments, indicating a CH₄adsorption by soil itself. Moreover, the emission of CH₄fluctuated during the chili growth season and the highest CH₄emission (668.7 μg·m ^-2·h ^-1) appeared under BF treatment with the condition of high temperature and intensive precipitation. However, the mean CH₄ emission flux under SF, MF and BF increased significantly by 104.85%, 175.2% and 77.5%, respectively. Moreover, SF and MF treatment could promote CH₄ consumption and reduce mean CH₄ emission flux of -0.1 and -1.3 kg·hm ^-2, respectively. Compared with CK and F treatment, organic materials combined with chemical fertilizer application could increase the global warming potential (GWP) by 26.7%-52.4% and18.1%-42.0% respectively. The lowest GWP was found under SF treatment.【Conclusion】Combined application of organic materials and chemical fertilizer had different greenhouse gases emission characters and soil nitrogen speciation. Biochar and straw returning combined with chemical fertilizer could reduce the greenhouse gases emission and increase available nitrogen content. However, cow dung returning with chemical fertilizing increased greenhouse gases emission.

Key words: purple soil, organic materials, nitrogen speciation, greenhouse gases, global warming potential

黄容,高明,黎嘉成,徐国鑫,王富华,李娇,陈仕奇. 有机物料等氮量施用对紫色土氮形态及温室气体排放的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(21): 4087-4101.

Rong HUANG,Ming GAO,JiaCheng LI,GuoXin XU,FuHua WANG,Jiao LI,ShiQi CHEN. Effects of Combined Application of Various Organic Materials and Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Nitrogen Formation and Greenhouse Gas Emission Under Equal Nitrogen Rates from Purple Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(21): 4087-4101.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2018/V51/I21/4087

图/表 7

表1

种植及施肥情况"

蔬菜 Vegetable	常规需氮(N)量 Conventional nitrogen requirement (kg·hm^-2)	常规需磷(P₂O₅)量 Conventional phosphate requirement (kg·hm^-2)	常规需钾(K₂O)量 Conventional potassium requirement (kg·hm^-2)	种植及施肥情况 Planting and fertilization
莴笋 Lettuce	300	90	150	2016年10月20日施入有机物料并翻耕,10月27日移栽莴笋苗,10月30日施基肥（氮肥60%,磷肥和钾肥一次性施入）,12月9日追肥（氮肥40%）,2017年1月9日收获莴笋 Organic material was incorporated into soil and plowed on 20 October 2016. The lettuce was transplanted on 27 October 2016. A total of P and K fertilizers were applied as basis along with 60% of N fertilizer on 30 October 2016, and 40% of N fertilizer was applied on 9 December 2016. The lettuce was harvested on 9 January 2017
卷心菜 Cabbage	300	70	300	2017年1月10日施基肥（氮肥40%,钾肥40%,磷肥一次性施入）,1月11日移栽卷心菜苗,2月21日第一次追肥（氮肥30%,钾肥30%）,3月27日第二次追肥（氮肥30%,钾肥30%）,5月4日收获卷心菜 A total of P fertilizer, 40% of N fertilizer and 40% of K fertilizer was applied as basis on 10 January 2017. The cabbage was transplanted on 1 January 2017. The remaining N and K fertilizers were split into two parts of the same amount and top-dressed on 21 February and 27 March 2017, respectively. The cabbage was harvested on 4 May 2017
辣椒 Chili	300	80	150	2017年5月5日施入有机物料并翻耕,5月10日施基肥（氮肥50%,钾肥50%,磷肥一次性施入）,5月11日移栽辣椒苗,6月19日追肥（氮肥50%,钾肥50%）,7月20日、8月18日、9月14日收获辣椒 Organic material was incorporated into soil and plowed on 5 May 2017. A total of P fertilizer, 50% of N fertilizer and 50% of K fertilizer was applied as basis on 10 May 2017. The chili was transplanted on 11 May 2017. The remaining of N and K fertilizers were applied on 19 June 2017. The chili was harvested on 20 July, 18 August and 14 September 2017, respectively

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处理 Treatment	平均排放通量 Mean greenhouse gas emission flux (kg·hm^-2)			GWP (kg CO₂-e·hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	N₂O	CO₂	CH₄	GWP (kg CO₂-e·hm^-2)
CK	3.7±0.1e	55537±2735c	2.0±0.21a	56578±2704d
F	15.6±0.3d	56544±1803c	1.7±0.28b	60716±1901d
SF	30.0±1.4c	63761±3623b	-0.1±0.0d	71697±3989c
MF	34.7±0.9b	76675±1720a	-1.3±0.2e	85828±1957a
BF	16.8±0.4d	75254±867a	0.4±0.0c	79709±883b
CF	47.1±4.0a	73665±2603a	2.1±0.2a	86216±3679a

	N₂O排放量 N₂O emission flux	CO₂排放量 CO₂ emission flux	CH₄排放量 CH₄ emission flux	5 cm土温 5 cm soil temperature	气温 Air temperature	土壤含水量 Soil moisture content
N₂O排放量 N₂O emission flux	1	0.207**	0.148**	0.127*	0.121*	0.074
CO₂排放量 CO₂ emission flux		1	0.020	0.563**	0.609**	-0.357**
CH₄排放量 CH₄ emission flux			1	.075	0.066	0.111*
5 cm土温 5 cm soil temperature				1	0.975**	-0.637**
气温 Air temperature					1	-0.629**
土壤含水量 Soil moisture content						1