亚临床型低血钙症奶牛生产性能及粪污排放特性

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.21.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探讨亚临床低血钙症奶牛饲料采食量、泌乳量、粪尿排放量及粪污所产生污染气体排放特征的关系。【方法】黑龙江某集约化奶牛养殖场选取产后7—14 d年龄、体况、胎次相近的奶牛12头，根据血钙指标分为亚临床低血钙症组和健康组奶牛各6头，每头奶牛分别单独饲养，连续饲养4 d。每天采血检测血液中Ca、BHBA、NEFA、CLU、P、Mg指标含量；记录每头牛每天泌乳量、采食量、粪、尿排放量；通过简易动态箱法对试验奶牛粪尿进行混合，检测混合物产生的NH₃、CO₂、CH₄气体排放量并进行分析。【结果】亚临床低血钙症组奶牛血清Ca、P、Mg浓度极显著低于健康组奶牛（P＜0.01），CLU显著低于健康组（P＜0.05），BHBA浓度显著高于健康组（P＜0.05），NEFA浓度极显著高于健康组奶牛（P＜0.01）；亚临床低血钙症组奶牛产奶量和4%能量校正乳（ECM）极显著高于健康组（P＜0.01），排粪量显著高于健康组（P＜0.05）；干物质消化率和尿量的差异虽然不显著但都有升高趋势。亚临床低血钙组奶牛采食1 kg干物质的产奶量极显著升高(P＜0.01)，采食1 kg干物质的排粪量显著升高(P＜0.05)；健康组和亚临床低血钙症组奶牛CH₄的排放曲线无明显差异，两组的产气趋势基本相同，于试验的52 h左右出现峰值，之后下降；总体上看CO₂的排放没有明显变化趋势，无明显规律，健康组和亚临床低血钙症组分别在48和36 h处出现排放高峰，亚临床低血钙症组出现峰值的时间要早于健康组，之后下降随即无规律起伏。亚临床低血钙症组的CO₂累计排放量随时间的推移低于健康组；健康组奶牛NH₃排放浓度在24 h处出现高峰，随后降低，45 h再次出现峰值，之后排放浓度逐渐降低。亚临床低血钙症组奶牛NH₃排放浓度在21 h处出现峰值，之后排放浓度降低，两组试验的折线趋势基本一致，都是出现峰值后浓度降低但都是有起伏的波动。亚临床低血钙症组NH₃的累计排放量低于健康组。【结论】亚临床低血钙症奶牛患病期间由于采食摄取营养物质不能满足泌乳需求而处于能量及钙负平衡状态。同时肠道消化吸收率增加，用于满足泌乳对能量的需求；在相同质量的粪尿混合物检测情况下亚临床低血钙症不会影响CH₄的排放量，但亚临床低血钙奶牛粪尿中NH₃和CO₂排放量低于健康牛，然而降低的温室气体排放是否与肠道消化吸收率的增加促进了饲料能量的吸收有关利用仍需进一步研究。

关键词: 低血钙症, 生产性能, 温室气体, 粪便, 尿液, 奶牛

Abstract: 【Objective】The objective of this paper is to study the feed intake, lactation, manure emissions of subclinical hypocalcaemia cows and sewage generated gas pollution emission characteristics. 【Method】 This study was carried out in a Heilongjiang intensive dairy farm. Twelve dairy cows which were similar in postnatal 7-14 days of age, body conditions and parity were selected and divided into subclinical hypocalcaemia group and healthy group, each group had 6 cows, each cow was individually housed, and they were continuously fed for 4 days. Blood samples were taken for measurement of blood Ca, BHBA, NEFA, CLU, P, Mg content indicators every day. Daily milk yield, feed intake, feces and urine of each cow were recorded. Simple dynamic chamber method was used to mix cow manure in the laboratory and NH₃, CO₂ and CH₄ emissions in the mixture were detected and analyzed. 【Result】Cows serum Ca, P and Mg contents in subclinical hypocalcemia symptom group were significantly lower than healthy group (P＜0.01), CLU was significantly lower than that of healthy group (P＜0.05) and BHBA concentration was significantly higher than that of healthy group (P＜0.05) and NEFA concentration was significantly higher than that of healthy cows in healthy group (P＜0.01); milk yield in subclinical hypocalcaemia group was significantly higher than that in healthy group (P＜0.01), 4% energy corrected milk (ECM) was significantly higher than that of healthy cows (P＜0.01) in healthy group, fecal excretion was significantly higher than that of healthy group (P＜0.05); dry matter digestibility and urine volume had no significant difference but a rising trend. Milk yield of cows which were fed 1 kg dry matter was increased significantly (P＜0.01), feces of cows which were fed 1 kg dry matter amount were significantly higher (P＜0.05) in subclinical hypocalcemia calcium group. CH₄ emission curve in healthy group and subclinical hypocalcemia symptom group cows had no significant difference, two groups of gas production trend was basically the same, peak of gas production was on the 52 h, then falling. CO₂ emissions had no significant changes in the trend, no obvious rules, emission peak was appeared in the healthy group and subclinical hypocalcemia symptoms group, respectively, at 36 h and 48 h, the peak in subclinical hypocalcaemia group was appeared earlier than healthy group, and then decreased immediately without regularity and floated up and down. Subclinical hypocalcaemia group of CO₂ cumulative emissions with the passage of time was lower than that of the healthy group; The peak of cows NH₃ emission concentration in healthy group was at 24 hours, then decreased, peaked again at 45 h, emission concentration decreased gradually. The peak of cows NH₃ emission concentration in subclinical hypocalcemia group was appeared at 21 h, then the emission concentration decreased, two groups the test line trend of the two groups were basically the same, all trend were that the peak concentration decreased and floated up and down. The cumulative emissions of NH₃ in subclinical hypocalcemia group were lower than healthy group. 【Conclusion】 During the subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows with syndrome of disease due to the feed intake of nutrients can not satisfy the lactation demand in the state of energy and calcium negative balance. At the same time digestive tract absorption rate increased to satisfy the demand of energy lactation; under the same quality of mixed excrements of detection of subclinical hypocalcaemia would not impact on CH₄ emissions, but NH₃ and carbon CO₂ emissions in subclinical hypocalcemia cows manure were lower than that of healthy cows. However, whether reducing greenhouse gas emissions caused the increase of intestinal absorption rate promoted the feed energy uptake still needs to be further studied.

Key words: hypocalcemia, performance, greenhouse gases, faeces, urine, dairy cow

张子扬，沈泰钰，于洪江，高三思，朱奎玲，黄宝银，徐闯，杨威. 亚临床型低血钙症奶牛生产性能及粪污排放特性[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(21): 4222-4230.

ZHANG Zi-yang, SHEN Tai-yu, YU Hong-jiang, GAO San-si, ZHU Kui-ling, HUANG Bao-yin, XU Chuang, YANG Wei. A Study on the Effect of Subclinical Hypocalcemia in Dairy Cows on Productivity and Manure Emission Characters[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(21): 4222-4230.

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