相同气候背景下南北方稻田土壤上水稻生长及氮响应差异研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.19.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】土壤是影响作物产量和氮肥吸收利用的因素之一,深入研究南北方稻田土壤对水稻生长及氮效率的影响,以期为调控区域水稻高产优质提供参考。【方法】2018—2019年,以黑龙江省黑土型水稻土,江苏省乌栅土型水稻土为试验材料,在黑龙江省哈尔滨市进行水稻盆栽试验。每种土壤设置3个施氮水平,即N0：不施氮肥;N1：0.87 g N/pot（相当于150 kg N·hm^-2）;N2：1.74 g N/pot（相当于300 kg N·hm^-2）。测定水稻分蘖、SPAD值、分蘖成穗率、土壤矿化氮量、水稻产量和氮效率。【结果】黑土型水稻土的早期分蘖对施氮有响应,分蘖数随施氮量增加而增加,而乌栅土型水稻土的分蘖在拔节期后才对施氮有响应。土壤对水稻分蘖的影响存在年际间差异,2018年土壤类型对分蘖数有显著影响,不施氮时乌栅土型水稻土的分蘖数比黑土型水稻土高4.41%—43.04%,而施氮后乌栅土型水稻土比黑土型水稻土的分蘖数低8.25%—12.98%;2019年黑土型水稻土的分蘖数多数高于乌栅土型水稻土4.41%—46.53%。两种水稻土的分蘖成穗率与叶片SPAD值在2018年有显著差异,乌栅土型水稻土的叶片SPAD值比黑土型水稻土高19.28%—21.19%,乌栅土型水稻土的分蘖成穗率比黑土型水稻土高23.89%—40.53%,2019年土壤类型对水稻分蘖成穗率与叶片SPAD值均无显著影响。28 d淹水培养试验表明,两种土壤的无机氮总量基本相同,乌栅土型水稻土的初始矿化速率比黑土型水稻土高,但后期矿化速率比黑土型水稻土低,黑土型水稻土的矿化势更高,有更大的矿化潜力。黑土型水稻土的AE_N（氮肥农学效率）比乌栅土型水稻土高,而乌栅土型水稻土的PFP_N（氮肥偏生产力）比黑土型水稻土高,乌栅土型水稻土的Y₀/Nr（Y₀为无肥区产量,Nr为施氮量）更高,供氮与施氮更加协调。2018年黑土型水稻土的RE_N（氮肥吸收利用率）和PE_N（氮肥生理利用率）均显著高于乌栅土型水稻土,2019年土壤类型对RE_N和PE_N无显著影响。【结论】土壤差异不是南北方稻田氮效率差异的决定性因素,氮效率差异是土壤、气候和品种等因素共同作用的结果。相对于黑土型水稻土而言,前期养分供应能力强的乌栅土型水稻土应减施基、蘖肥,适当增施穗肥,以保证后期供氮促进水稻高产。

关键词: 土壤类型, 水稻, 氮响应, 氮效率, 分蘖, 氮矿化

Abstract:

【Objective】Soil is one of the factors affecting crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer uptake or utilization. In order to provide suggestions for high yield and high quality of rice producing, we clarify the effect of paddy soil in northern and southern China on rice growth and nitrogen efficiency.【Method】In 2018 and 2019, the pot experiments were conducted in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. The experimental soils were black paddy soil from Heilongjiang and gleyed paddy soil from Jiangsu. Three nitrogen fertilization levels were set for each soil, including no nitrogen application (N0), 0.87 g N/pot (N1, equivalent to 150 kg N·hm^-2), and 1.74 g N/pot (N2, equivalent to 300 kg N·hm^-2). Tiller numbers, SPAD value, yields and earing rates of rice, as well as nitrogen mineralization amount and nitrogen utilization efficiency of two soils, were determined. 【Result】Rice tiller numbers on black paddy soil increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application at early growth stage, however, which on gleyed paddy soil was responded to nitrogen application after the elongation stage. Soil type has a significant effect on rice tiller number. In 2018, rice tiller numbers on gleyed paddy soil was 4.41%-43.04% higher than that on black paddy soil without nitrogen application, while tiller numbers was 8.25%-12.98% lower than that on the black paddy soil after nitrogen application. In 2019, the most of tiller numbers on black paddy soil was 4.41%-46.53% higher than that on gleyed paddy soil. In 2018, the leaf SPAD value and the earbearing tiller percentage of rice showed significant differences between two soil types. The leaf SPAD value on gleyed paddy soil was 19.28%-21.19% higher than that on black paddy soil, and also, earbearing tiller percentage of rice on gleyed paddy soil was 23.89%-40.53% higher than that on black paddy soil, but no significant difference between two soil types was observed in leaf SPAD value and earbearing tiller rate in 2019. Water-logged incubation over 28 days showed that two types of soils had the same inorganic nitrogen content. Initial nitrogen mineralization rates in gleyed paddy soil was higher than that in black paddy soil, while nitrogen mineralization rate in gleyed paddy soil at later stage was lower than that in black paddy soil. A higher nitrogen mineralization potential was observed in black paddy soil, indicating the greater mineralization capacity. The nitrogen agronomic efficiency (AE_N) of black paddy soil was higher in comparison with gleyed paddy soil, while the partial factor Productivity of applied N (PFP_N ) showed the opposite trend. A higher Y₀/Nr (Y₀is the yield of rice field without nitrogen fertilizer application, and Nr is the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application) was found in gleyed paddy soil, suggesting a better coordination between soil nitrogen supply and application. The nitrogen recovery efficiency (RE_N) and nitrogen physiological efficiency (PE_N) of black paddy soil was remarkably higher in comparison with gleyed paddy soil in 2018, but the two soil types had no significant difference in the RE_N and PE_N in 2019.【Conclusion】Soil difference was not the decisive factor of nitrogen efficiency difference which was observed between southern and northern paddy fields in China, but rather the results of the combined effects of factors such as climate, crop variety, soil type, etc. Compared with black paddy soil, the gleyed paddy soil should decrease base and tiller nitrogen fertilizer, and increase the panicle nitrogen fertilizer to maintain sufficient nitrogen supply in the later stages and obtain high rice yield.

Key words: soil types, rice, nitrogen response, nitrogen efficiency, tillering, nitrogen mineralization

黄秋红,刘智蕾,李鹏飞,车俊杰,于彩莲,彭显龙. 相同气候背景下南北方稻田土壤上水稻生长及氮响应差异研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(19): 4143-4154.

HUANG QiuHong,LIU ZhiLei,LI PengFei,CHE JunJie,YU CaiLian,PENG XianLong. Difference in Nitrogen Responses and Nitrogen Efficiency of Different Paddy Soils in Southern and Northern China Under the Same Climatic Condition[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(19): 4143-4154.

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地点 Location	土壤类型 Soil type	有机质 Organic (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	pH
黑龙江 Heilongjiang	黑土型水稻土 Black paddy soil	35.8	1.74	16.0	136	5.26
江苏 Jiangsu	乌栅土型水稻土 Gleyed paddy soil	37.9	1.85	4.79	136	7.02

土壤类型 Soil type	有效积温方程 Effective accumulated temperature model, EATM				一级动力学模型 One-pool model
土壤类型 Soil type	K	n	R²	P	N₀	k₀	R²	P
黑土型水稻土 Black paddy soil	1.17	0.621	0.936	0.007	45.39	0.063	0.960	0.004
乌栅土型水稻土 Gleyed paddy soil	10.63	0.181	0.999	<0.001	28.56	0.221	0.993	<0.001

年份 Year	土壤类型 Soil type	处理Treatment	地上部干重 Dry weight (g/pot)	产量 Yield (g/pot)	AE_N (kg·kg^-1)	PFP_N (kg·kg^-1)	Y₀/Nr (kg·kg^-1)	RE_N (%)	PE_N (kg·kg^-1)
2018	黑土型水稻土 Black paddy soil	N0	84.69c	29.73c
		N1	135.79b	44.61b	17.39a	52.13a	34.75a	41.08a	41.74a
		N2	178.80a	67.04a	21.69a	38.97b	17.28b	49.09a	44.22a
	乌栅土型水稻土 Gleyed paddy soil	N0	108.39c	38.84c
		N1	139.44b	50.09b	13.08a	58.23a	45.15a	34.89a	37.56a
		N2	160.99a	61.43a	13.13a	35.71b	22.57b	39.42a	33.29a
		N	**	**	ns	**	**	ns	ns
		S	*	*	**	ns	**	*	*
		N×S	**	*	ns	**	ns	**	ns
2019	黑土型水稻土 Black paddy soil	N0	78.51c	41.18b
		N1	144.33b	80.41a	45.85a	93.98a	48.13a	59.30a	79.10a
		N2	168.83a	83.52a	24.61b	48.55b	23.94b	54.10a	45.81b
	乌栅土型水稻土 Gleyed paddy soil	N0	85.62c	48.12c
		N1	149.84b	83.17b	40.75a	96.69a	55.94a	58.86a	70.46a
		N2	179.37a	94.11a	26.73b	54.70b	27.97b	50.65a	52.82b
		N	**	**	**	**	**	ns	**
		S	*	ns	ns	*	**	ns	ns
		N×S	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns