晋南黄土旱塬小麦养分投入与化肥减施经济环境效应评价

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.13.010

中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (13): 2804-2817.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.13.010

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

晋南黄土旱塬小麦养分投入与化肥减施经济环境效应评价

马红梅^1,²(),曹寒冰^1,²,谢英荷^1,²(),李廷亮^1,²,刘凯¹,张奇茹¹,姜丽伟¹,曹静¹,邵靖琳¹,武文玥¹,栗文琪¹

¹山西农业大学资源环境学院,山西太谷 030801
²山西农业大学农业资源与环境国家级实验教学示范中心,山西太谷 030801

收稿日期:2020-08-23 修回日期:2021-01-04 出版日期:2021-07-01 发布日期:2021-07-12
通讯作者: 谢英荷
作者简介:马红梅,E-mail： mahongmei0405@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0200401);国家公益性行业农业科研专项(201503124);山西省重点研发计划项目(201803D221005-2);山西省研究生教育创新项目(2020SY191)

Evaluation on Fertilizer Application and Its Economic-Environmental Benefits Associated with Fertilizer Reduction Potential for Dryland Wheat in Loess Plateau of Southern Shanxi Province

MA HongMei^1,²(),CAO HanBing^1,²,XIE YingHe^1,²(),LI TingLiang^1,²,LIU Kai¹,ZHANG QiRu¹,JIANG LiWei¹,CAO Jing¹,SHAO JingLin¹,WU WenYue¹,LI WenQi¹

¹College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi
²National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi

Received:2020-08-23 Revised:2021-01-04 Online:2021-07-01 Published:2021-07-12
Contact: YingHe XIE

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确晋南黄土旱塬冬小麦养分投入现状,为当地旱作冬小麦稳产增产、减肥增效和控制农田面源污染提供理论依据。【方法】通过连续9年对黄土旱塬984个小麦种植户进行施肥调查,采用基于冬小麦产量确定的推荐施肥量,评价农户施肥,分析农户施肥的减肥潜力及其经济和环境效益。【结果】调研农户小麦籽粒平均产量3 711 kg·hm^-2,其中属于低产（≤3 200 kg·hm^-2）和中产（3 200—4 220 kg·hm^-2）的农户比例分别占56.0%和18.1%。农户氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的平均用量分别为292.3 kg N·hm^-2、159.8 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和92.0 kg K₂O·hm^-2。随着产量水平提高,施肥过量（即高投入+很高投入）的农户比例增加,其中氮肥、磷肥和钾肥施用过量的农户比例分别为68.7%、65.1%和57.9%。在各产量水平投入高和很高的农户减肥潜力较大,其中高投入的农户氮肥、磷肥和钾肥减施量为24.1 kg N·hm^-2、12.8 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和6.2 kg K₂O·hm^-2,减少比例依次为15.9%、16.7%和16.7%;很高投入的农户氮肥、磷肥和钾肥减施量为250.9 kg N·hm^-2、205.7 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2、124.6 kg K₂O·hm^-2,减少比例依次为66.5%、76.7%和80.0%。进一步分析表明,高投入和很高投入的农户化肥减施后经济效益可增加251和3 425元/hm²,即分别增加4.0%和55.0%;高投入的农户氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的农学效率可分别提高18.8%、23.2%和22.1%,很高投入的可分别提高192.5%、321.3%和388.1%;高投入的农户氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的偏生产力可分别提高20.2%、23.7%和19.2%,很高投入的可分别提高210.4%、317.9%和388.1%。同时,合理降低高投入和很高投入的农户施氮量,N₂O排放可分别减少0.3和6.3 kg N₂O·hm^-2,减少幅度为11.2%和72.5%;NH₃挥发分别减少14.1和90.7 kg NH₃ hm^-2,减幅为20.8%和62.8%;NO₃^--N淋洗减少3.1和231.1 kg NO₃^--N·hm^-2,减幅为4.9%和79.6%;整体上,总氮污染物（包括N₂O排放、NH₃挥发和NO₃^--N淋洗）可分别减少17.4和328.1 kg·hm^-2,减幅13.1%和74.0%,节约氮肥12.5和130.9 kg N·hm^-2,减少氮肥投入65.0和683.3 元/hm²。【结论】通过基于产量的农户施肥评价、减肥潜力估测、化肥减施后的经济效益和氮化合污染物的减排效应分析,明确了高和很高投入的农户氮磷钾减施潜力分别为24.1—250.9 kg N·hm^-2、12.8—205.7 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2、6.2—124.6 kg K₂O·hm^-2,且化肥减施后农户的经济收益提高251—3 425元/hm²,氮、磷、钾肥的农学效率分别提高18.8%—192.5%、23.2%—321.3%、22.1%—388.1%,同时,氮、磷、钾偏生产力提高20.2%—210.4%、23.7%—317.9%、19.2%—388.1%,还能减少包括N₂O排放、NH₃挥发、NO₃^--N淋洗等总氮污染物的排放17.4—328.1 kg·hm^-2。该研究全面系统地揭示了当前旱作小麦生产中存在的资源环境问题、面临的挑战与机遇,为节本、增效的环境友好型施肥提供一定的理论依据。

关键词: 黄土旱塬, 冬小麦, 养分投入, 化肥减施, 经济环境效应

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to clarify situation of the farmers’ nutrient application, so as to provide a theory base for the realization of stable and high yield, high nutrient use efficiency, and lower environmental pollution in dryland wheat production. 【Method】 A 9-yr survey of 984 farmers was carried out, and a yield based fertilizer recommendation method were used to analyze and evaluate their nutrient applications and the fertilizer reduction potential and economic-environmental benefits in Loess Plateau. 【Result】 The farmers’ wheat yield was lower, with the average of 3 711 kg·hm^-2, and they were allocated into three groups as: low (≤3 200 kg·hm^-2) and moderate (3 200-4 220 kg·hm^-2), respectively, accounting for 56.0% and 18.1% of the total farmers. Farmers’ nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P₂O₅) and potassium (K₂O) applic^-2, 159.8 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 and 92.0 kg K₂O·hm^-2. And the proportion of the high-application farmers were N 68.7% and P₂O₅ 65.1% and K₂O 57.9%, respectively, which was large in low-yield level. Generally, these high-application farmers were recommended to reduce 24.1 kg N·hm^-2, 12.8 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, and 6.2 kg K₂O·hm^-2, and the reduction range was N 15.9%, P 16.7% and K 16.7%, respectively, but these very high-application farmers were recommended to reduce 250.9 kg N·hm^-2, 205.7 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, and 124.6 kg K₂O·hm^-2, and the reduction range was 66.5%, 76.7%, and 80.0%, respectively. Then, their economic effects increased by 251 yuan/hm² and 3 425 yuan/hm², 4.0% and 55.0%, NPK agronomic efficiency increased by N 18.8%, P 23.2%, and K 22.1% for the high farmers, and N 192.5%, P 321.3%, and K 388.1% for the very high farmers. NPK partial productivity increased by N 20.2%, P 23.7%, and K 19.2%, and N 210.4%, P 317.9%, K 388.1%, respectively. According to the estimation, the environmental impact of reducing nitrogen application was that emission of the N-pollutant reduced, such as N ₂O emission decreased by 0.3 kg N₂O·hm^-2 and 6.3 kg N₂O·hm^-2, 11.2% and 72.5%, NH₃ volatilization decreased by 14.1 kg NH₃·hm^-2 and 90.7 kg NH₃·hm^-2, 20.8% and 62.8%, and NO₃ leaching decreased by 3.1 kg NO₃·hm^-2 and 231.1 kg NO₃·hm^-2, 4.9% and 79.6%, respectively. Total nitrogen pollutants (including N₂O emission, NH₃volatilization and NO₃ leaching) reduced 17.4 kg·hm^-2 and 328.1 kg·hm^-2, with 13.1% and 74.0%, respectively. In total, 12.5 kg N·hm^-2 and 130.9 kg N·hm^-2 with 65.0 yuan/hm² and 683.3 yuan/hm²were saved, respectively. 【Conclusion】 In this paper, based on the wheat yield, the farmer's fertilization was evaluated, and the potential of reducing excessive fertilization was estimated, and the economic benefits and the effect of the reducing nitrogen-pollutants emission were analyzed through reducing fertilizer application. It was known that the farmers with high and very-high fertilizer application not only had different potential for reducing fertilizer application,such as 24.1-250.9 kg N·hm^-2, 12.8-205.7 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, 6.2-124.6 kg K₂O·hm^-2, but also farmers' economic benefits was improved by 251-3 425 yuan/hm², and fertilizer agronomic efficiency was improved by N 18.8%-192.5%, P 23.2%-321.3%, K 22.1%-388.1%,and partial productivity was improved by N 20.2%-210.4%, P 23.7%-317.9%, K 19.2%-388.1%, and the emission of total nitrogen pollutants (including N₂O, NH₃and NO₃) was reduced by 17.4-328.1 kg·hm^-2. This study comprehensively and systematically revealed the resource and environmental problems, challenges and opportunities in the current dry wheat production, which provided a certain theoretical basis for an environment-friendly fertilization with saving cost and increasing efficiency.

Key words: Loess Plateau, winter wheat, nutrient application, fertilizer reduction, economic-environmental effects

马红梅,曹寒冰,谢英荷,李廷亮,刘凯,张奇茹,姜丽伟,曹静,邵靖琳,武文玥,栗文琪. 晋南黄土旱塬小麦养分投入与化肥减施经济环境效应评价[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(13): 2804-2817.

MA HongMei,CAO HanBing,XIE YingHe,LI TingLiang,LIU Kai,ZHANG QiRu,JIANG LiWei,CAO Jing,SHAO JingLin,WU WenYue,LI WenQi. Evaluation on Fertilizer Application and Its Economic-Environmental Benefits Associated with Fertilizer Reduction Potential for Dryland Wheat in Loess Plateau of Southern Shanxi Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(13): 2804-2817.

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表6

化肥减施前后对小麦经济效益及养分利用的影响"

养分投入分级 Nutrient input level	减肥前后 Before or after fertilization reduced	指标 Index		产量水平Yield level（kg·hm^-2）
养分投入分级 Nutrient input level	减肥前后 Before or after fertilization reduced	指标 Index		≤2200	2200-3200	3200-4200	4200-5200	>5200	Mean
适中 Middle	减肥前 Before fertilization reduced	纯收入Net income（yuan/hm²）		1793	3581	6381	8291	16292	7268
		农学效率 Agronomic efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	N	7.9	14.3	18.9	20.1	25.5	17.3
			P	15.9	28.8	38.4	42.9	57.6	36.7
			K	34.5	60.8	72.1	86.9	88.1	68.5
		偏生产力 Partial productivity (kg·kg^-1)	N	29.1	30.7	30.0	29.0	31.1	30.0
			P	58.6	61.6	61.1	62.0	70.3	62.7
			K	127.2	129.9	114.5	125.5	107.5	120.9
	减肥后 After fertilization reduced	纯收入Net income（yuan/hm²）		1800	3568	6402	8294	16272	7267
		农学效率 Agronomic efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	N	8.2	14.6	19	20.5	25.6	17.6
			P	16.6	29.7	38.7	41.7	52.1	35.8
			K	33.8	60.4	78.9	85	106.2	72.9
		偏生产力 Partial productivity（kg·kg^-1）		29.8（N）、60.6（P）、123.5（K）。下同The same as below
高 High	减肥前 Before fertilization reduced	纯收入Net income（yuan/hm²）		1015	3346	5815	7995	12982	6231
		农学效率 Agronomic efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	N	3.6	11.6	15.2	18.1	20.5	13.8
			P	7.3	22.5	31.3	35.0	39.7	27.1
			K	17.9	48.0	61.8	69.7	81.1	55.7
		偏生产力 Partial productivity（kg·kg^-1）	N	22.7	24.8	24.6	26.1	25.9	24.8
			P	45.2	48.1	50.8	50.6	50.4	49.0
			K	111.2	102.9	100.3	100.8	102.9	103.6
	减肥后 After fertilization reduced	纯收入Net income（yuan/hm²）		1147	3541	6073	8258	13389	6482
		农学效率 Agronomic efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	N	4.4	14.2	18.5	20.8	24.2	16.4
			P	9.0	28.8	37.7	42.3	49.3	33.4
			K	18.3	58.7	76.7	86.1	100.4	68.0
很高 Very high	减肥前 Before fertilization reduced	纯收入Net income（yuan/hm²）		-908	1044	3241	3115	8576	3014
		农学效率 Agronomic efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	N	0.1	4.1	6.4	6.9	9.0	5.3
			P	0.2	6.7	10.2	7.4	13.1	7.5
			K	0.4	12.6	19.3	13.0	20.5	13.2
		偏生产力 Partial productivity（kg·kg^-1）	N	7.8	8.8	10.5	9.8	11.4	9.6
			P	14.6	14.0	16.8	10.6	16.6	14.5
			K	23.4	26.9	31.1	18.8	26	25.3
	减肥后 After fertilization reduced	纯收入Net income（yuan/hm²）		580	3593	5980	8377	13666	6439
		农学效率 (kg·kg^-1) Agronomic efficiency	N	0.5	14.0	18.2	20.7	24.2	15.5
			P	1.0	28.5	37.0	42.2	49.3	31.6
			K	2.0	58.0	75.4	85.9	100.4	64.3

表6

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养分分级 Different levels of fertilizer application	分级标准 Classification standard
不施肥No	0
很低Very low	0-70%RF
低Low	70%-90%RF
适中Middle	90%-110%RF
高High	110%-130%RF
很高Very high	≥130%RF

年份 Year	样本数 Sample	产量水平农户比例 Farmer’s proportion in yield level (%)					平均产量 Mean yield (kg·hm^-2)	养分投入量 Nutrient input rate (kg·hm^-2)
年份 Year	样本数 Sample	≤2200	2200-3200	3200-4200	4200-5200	>5200	平均产量 Mean yield (kg·hm^-2)	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
2008-2009	150	10.7	26.7	24.0	21.3	17.3	3735	264.2	103.7	28.9
2009-2010	95	3.2	50.5	24.2	13.7	8.4	3401	369.3	252.7	153.6
2010-2011	58	12.1	60.3	1.7	0.0	25.9	3282	207.8	90.3	56.7
2011-2012	84	31.0	13.1	9.5	13.1	33.3	3525	109.2	91.2	28.8
2012-2013	76	60.5	28.9	7.9	0.0	2.6	2146	83.2	49.1	19.7
2013-2014	150	5.3	24.7	20.0	26.7	23.3	4186	202.5	115	40.8
2014-2015	125	12.0	41.6	33.6	7.2	5.6	3643	250.5	143.5	71.5
2015-2016	138	31.2	43.5	22.5	2.2	0.7	3208	145.3	75.0	40.2
2016-2017	108	0.0	49.1	19.4	13.9	17.6	4111	204.3	95.9	60.7
平均Mean		18.4	37.6	18.1	10.9	15.0	3711	292.3	159.8	92.0
总计All	984

氮投入分级 N input level	指标 Index	产量水平Yield level（kg·hm^-2）
氮投入分级 N input level	指标 Index	≤2200	2200-3200	3200-4200	4200-5200	>5200	平均 Mean
适中 Middle	FF（kg N·hm^-2）	66.0	85.8	125.8	156.8	248.8	136.6
	RF（kg N·hm^-2）	63.8	84.5	125.1	153.9	247.6	135.0
	RN（kg N·hm^-2）	-2.2	-1.3	-0.7	-2.9	-1.1	-1.6
	△(%)	3.3	1.5	0.5	1.8	0.5	1.2
高 High	FF（kg N·hm^-2）	73.6	105.6	148.1	173.6	254.9	151.2
	RF（kg N·hm^-2）	60.6	86.5	121.6	151.2	215.4	127.1
	RN（kg N·hm^-2）	13.0	19.1	26.5	22.4	39.5	24.1
	△(%)	17.7	18.1	17.9	12.9	15.5	15.9
很高 Very high	FF（kg N·hm^-2）	182.8	302.3	345.3	465.1	591.5	377.4
	RF（kg N·hm^-2））	47.9	89.0	121.9	153.9	219.9	126.5
	RN（kg N·hm^-2）	134.9	213.3	223.4	311.2	371.6	250.9
	△(%)	73.8	70.6	64.7	66.9	62.8	66.5

磷投入分级 P input level	指标 Index	产量水平Yield level（kg·hm^-2）
磷投入分级 P input level	指标 Index	≤2200	2200-3200	3200-4200	4200-5200	>5200	平均 Mean
适中 Middle	FF（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	32.8	42.7	61.8	73.4	110.1	64.2
	RF（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	33.5	44.6	60.0	74.7	112.9	65.1
	RN（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	-0.8	-1.8	-1.9	-1.2	-2.8	-1.0
	△(%)	-2.3	-4.3	-3.0	-1.7	-2.6	-1.5
高 High	FF（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	36.9	54.5	71.9	89.7	131.3	76.9
	RF（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	29.8	44.7	59.9	75.4	110.3	64.0
	RN（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	7.1	9.9	12.0	14.4	20.9	12.8
	△(%)	19.1	18.1	16.6	16.0	16.0	16.7
很高 Very high	FF（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	98.1	187.2	217.4	432.7	405.7	268.2
	RF（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	23.7	43.3	60.2	75.4	110.0	62.5
	RN（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	74.4	143.9	157.1	357.3	295.7	205.7
	△(%)	75.8	76.9	72.3	82.6	72.9	76.7

钾投入分级 K input level	指标 Index	产量水平Yield level（kg·hm^-2）
钾投入分级 K input level	指标 Index	≤2200	2200-3200	3200-4200	4200-5200	>5200	平均 Mean
适中 Middle	FF（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	15.1	20.3	33.0	36.3	72.0	35.3
	RF（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	14.9	21.7	32.2	36.9	73.0	35.7
	RN（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	0.2	-1.4	0.8	-0.6	-1.0	-0.4
	△(%)	1.6	-7.1	2.4	-1.7	-1.4	-1.1
高 High	FF（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	15.0	25.5	36.4	45.0	64.3	37.2
	RF（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	12.6	21.0	29.9	36.8	54.6	31.0
	RN（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	2.4	4.5	6.4	8.2	9.6	6.2
	△(%)	15.7	17.7	17.7	18.2	15.0	16.7
很高 Very high	FF（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	60.4	98.9	114.8	245.5	259.0	155.7
	RF（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	11.4	21.6	28.9	37.3	56.3	31.1
	RN（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	48.9	77.3	85.9	208.1	202.7	124.6
	△(%)	81.0	78.2	74.8	84.8	78.2	80.0

晋南黄土旱塬小麦养分投入与化肥减施经济环境效应评价

Evaluation on Fertilizer Application and Its Economic-Environmental Benefits Associated with Fertilizer Reduction Potential for Dryland Wheat in Loess Plateau of Southern Shanxi Province

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