大田群体冬小麦氮收获指数变异特征研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究不同小麦品种氮收获指数（NHI）与产量、收获指数、籽粒氮含量、不同器官氮吸收之间的关系,同时探究小麦品种育成年代、株高以及不同芒型对NHI的影响,为高产、高效小麦品种的选育提供理论依据。【方法】于2018—2019年在河南洛阳和南阳及陕西杨凌3个地点进行大田试验,以不同育成年代、不同株高及不同芒型的224个小麦品种为材料,采用增广随机区组试验设计,设置14个区组,每个区组种植5个对照品种,每个小麦品种种植6行,行长3 m。成熟期采集小麦样品,测定籽粒产量及秸秆、颖壳和籽粒的含氮量,并计算小麦的氮收获指数。【结果】224个小麦品种的NHI变化范围在0.43—0.93之间,杨凌小麦NHI变异系数大于其他两个试验点。在3个试验点,小麦NHI与产量和收获指数之间均存在显著线性关系（P<0.05）,随着NHI的提高,小麦产量和收获指数也明显提高;NHI与秸秆及颖壳氮吸收量之间存在显著负相关关系（P<0.05）,而与籽粒氮含量、地上部总吸氮量之间无显著相关性（P>0.05）。1970年以前或1970—1990年间育成的小麦品种其NHI显著低于1990年以后育成的品种（P<0.05）,而1990—2010年间育成的品种其NHI与2010年以后育成的小麦品种的NHI无显著差异（P>0.05）;中、矮秆小麦品种的NHI显著高于高秆品种,但中秆与矮秆之间无显著差异;有芒小麦与无芒小麦的NHI之间无显著差异（P>0.05）。【结论】小麦NHI存在明显的品种间变异,提高小麦NHI有利于提高小麦产量和收获指数,秸秆和颖壳的氮吸收量可显著影响小麦NHI。总体上看,传统育种手段在1990年以后并未进一步提高小麦NHI。从提高NHI的角度,育种过程中小麦株高保持在100 cm以下即可。麦芒的有无对小麦NHI无显著影响。

关键词: 冬小麦, 育种, 株高, 芒型, 氮收获指数

Abstract:

【Objective】 The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between nitrogen (N) harvest index (NHI) and yield, grain N concentration (GNC), grain harvest index (HI) and N content of different organs in wheat, and the variations of NHI among the wheat varieties with different plant heights, release years, and awn types were also investigated, so as to provide valuable information for breeding high-yield and N-efficient wheat cultivars. 【Method】 Field experiments were conducted in Luoyang and Nanyang of Henan Province, and Yangling of Shaanxi Province from the year 2018 to 2019. As many as 224 wheat varieties with different release years, plant heights and awn types were planted under field conditions. Augmented randomized complete block design was applied, and 14 blocks with five control wheat varieties in each block were established. Each of the wheat varieties was planted in 6 rows with a length of 3 m. Wheat samples were taken at maturity, and grain yield, N concentrations of stem, glume and grain were measured. NHIs for all the wheat varieties were calculated. 【Result】 NHI of the 224 wheat varieties ranged from 0.43 to 0.93, and the variation coefficients of NHI in Yangling was greater than those in the other two sites. Grain yield and HI were linearly correlated with NHI, and increased along with the increase of NHI. There was a significant negative correlation between NHI and straw and glume N content (P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between NHI and GNC and total N absorption (P>0.05) in all the study sites. NHI of the wheat varieties released before 1970 or between 1970 and 1990 was significantly lower than that of the varieties released after 1990 (P<0.05). The wheat varieties released between 1990 and 2010 had similar NHI with the wheat varieties released after 2010 (P>0.05). The average NHI of the high stem wheat varieties was lower than that of the semi-dwarf or dwarf varieties, while the semi-dwarf wheat varieties had similar NHI with the dwarf wheat varieties. There was no significant difference between the NHI of the wheat varieties with awns and the varieties without awns (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】NHI varied among different wheat varieties, and the improving of NHI of wheat might be helpful in improving wheat yield or harvest index. NHI could be significantly influenced by the N content of straw and glume. Traditional breeding techniques have not further improved NHI of wheat since the year 1990. To keep a high NHI, the stalk of wheat cultivars should not be longer than 100 cm during breeding. Wheat awns did not significantly influence the NHI of wheat.

Key words: winter wheat, breeding, plant height, awn type, nitrogen harvest index

高志源,许吉利,刘硕,田汇,王朝辉. 大田群体冬小麦氮收获指数变异特征研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(3): 583-595.

GAO ZhiYuan,XU JiLi,LIU Shuo,TIAN Hui,WANG ZhaoHui. Variations of Winter Wheat Nitrogen Harvest Index in Field Wheat Population[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(3): 583-595.

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地点 Site	铵态氮 Ammonium (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮 Nitrate (mg·kg^-1)	pH	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)
河南南阳 Nanyang, Henan	1.53±0.60	35.62±12.3	5.74±0.16	21.8±3.81	125.5±12.1	18.6±1.58
河南洛阳 Luoyang, Henan	0.65±0.64	27.93±14.6	7.84±0.08	8.47±4.79	276.6±52.6	24.7±2.85
陕西杨凌 Yangling, Shaanxi	0.39±0.22	26.65±6.0	8.06±0.04	9.20±2.38	145.5±19.6	13.0±1.52

地点 Site	最小值 Min.	最大值 Max.	平均值 Average	变异系数 CV
洛阳 Luoyang	0.68	0.92	0.82	0.062
南阳 Nanyang	0.72	0.93	0.84	0.046
杨凌 Yangling	0.45	0.82	0.68	0.113

变异来源 Source	自由度 df	洛阳Luoyang		南阳Nanyang		杨凌Yangling
变异来源 Source	自由度 df	F	P	F	P	F	P
品种 (消除区组效应) Treatment (ignoring Blocks)	223	2.34	***	1.81	**	2.13	***
对照品种 Treatment: Check	4	2.02	NS	2.14	NS	0.77	NS
试验品种 Treatment: Test	218	2.35	***	1.81	**	1.99	**
区组 (消除品种效应) Block (eliminating Treatments)	13	3.29	**	1.41	NS	0.83	NS