中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (1): 29-41.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.01.003
穆心愿1,赵霞1,谷利敏1,冀保毅2,丁勇1,张凤启1,张君1,齐建双1,马智艳1,夏来坤1(),唐保军1(
)
收稿日期:
2019-05-05
接受日期:
2019-07-03
出版日期:
2020-01-01
发布日期:
2020-01-19
通讯作者:
夏来坤,唐保军
作者简介:
穆心愿,E-mail:muxinyuan@163.com。|赵霞,E-mail:zhaoxia1007@126.com。
基金资助:
XinYuan MU1,Xia ZHAO1,LiMin GU1,BaoYi JI2,Yong DING1,FengQi ZHANG1,Jun ZHANG1,JianShuang QI1,ZhiYan MA1,LaiKun XIA1(),BaoJun TANG1(
)
Received:
2019-05-05
Accepted:
2019-07-03
Online:
2020-01-01
Published:
2020-01-19
Contact:
LaiKun XIA,BaoJun TANG
摘要:
【目的】科学客观评价秸秆直接还田的综合效应,对提高秸秆资源利用率、促进农业绿色可持续发展意义重大。本研究在黄淮海冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟区设置大田定位试验,探究不同基因型夏玉米对秸秆还田量的响应,为该区秸秆还田技术的综合评价和秸秆还田量的优化提供依据。【方法】试验于2017年10月至2018年10月在河南原阳进行,采用裂区试验设计,设置秸秆还田量和基因型两个因素。秸秆还田因素为主区,设置4个秸秆还田量处理,分别为秸秆不还田(S0)、半量秸秆还田(S1)、全量秸秆还田(S2)和倍量秸秆还田(S3);基因型为副区,供试品种分别为浚单20(XD20)和郑单958(ZD958)。分析2个品种在不同秸秆还田量处理下叶面积指数(LAI)、干物质积累与转运、产量性状的差异。【结果】与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田能维持玉米花后较高的叶面积指数,且基因型与秸秆还田量间存在显著的交互作用。玉米开花期,XD20和ZD958的LAI均随秸秆还田量的增加而增加,在S3处理下最高。玉米成熟期,XD20和ZD958的LAI降幅随秸秆还田量增加而呈先降后升的趋势,XD20在S1处理下最低,ZD958在S2处理下最低;且2个品种成熟期LAI随秸秆还田量增加呈先升后降的趋势,XD20在S1处理下最高,ZD958在S2处理下最高。花后较高的叶面积指数有利于玉米花后维持较高的干物质生产能力,从而显著提高花后干物质积累量,优化干物质积累与分配特性。基因型和秸秆还田量互作显著影响花前营养器官的干物质转运量(DMR)和转运率(DMRE)、花前干物质转运对籽粒干物质积累贡献率(DMRCG)、花后干物质积累量(DMAA)及其对籽粒干物质积累贡献率(DMAACG)。随秸秆还田量增加,XD20花前营养器官(茎鞘+叶片)的DMR、DMRE和DMRCG呈先降后升趋势,均在S1处理下最低,而花后DMAA和DMAACG则呈先升后降趋势,均在S1处理下达到最高值;ZD958花前营养器官(茎鞘+叶片)的DMR、DMRE和DMRCG以及花后DMAA均呈先升后降趋势,均在S2处理最高。玉米花后干物质积累量的增加,有利于增加粒重,进而提高籽粒产量。与S0处理相比,S1、S2和S3处理均提高了玉米籽粒产量,但玉米籽粒产量并未随着还田量的增加而持续增加;XD20在S1处理下2年籽粒产量最高,2年平均高于其他处理3.5%—17.7%,ZD958在S2处理下2年籽粒产量最高,2年平均高于其他处理0.4%—16.8%。【结论】在黄淮海冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟潮土区,适量秸秆还田可延缓玉米生育后期叶片衰老进程,优化玉米干物质积累与分配特性,提高花后干物质积累量,增加粒重,进而提高玉米籽粒产量。但不同基因型玉米对秸秆还田量的响应有很大差异,在推广秸秆还田时,不仅要考虑秸秆还田量,还要考虑作物遗传因素对秸秆还田效应的影响。
穆心愿,赵霞,谷利敏,冀保毅,丁勇,张凤启,张君,齐建双,马智艳,夏来坤,唐保军. 秸秆还田量对不同基因型夏玉米产量及干物质转运的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(1): 29-41.
XinYuan MU,Xia ZHAO,LiMin GU,BaoYi JI,Yong DING,FengQi ZHANG,Jun ZHANG,JianShuang QI,ZhiYan MA,LaiKun XIA,BaoJun TANG. Effects of Straw Returning Amount on Grain Yield, Dry Matter Accumulation and Transfer in Summer Maize with Different Genotypes[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(1): 29-41.
表2
秸秆还田量对不同基因型夏玉米叶面积指数(LAI)的影响"
基因型 Genotype | 秸秆还田量 Straw returning amount | 2017 | 2018 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LAIa | LAIm | LAIa | LAIm | |||
浚单20 XD20 | S0 | 3.42±0.31b | 0.66±0.08b | 3.30±0.19a | 0.75±0.02b | |
S1 | 4.11±0.49ab | 1.16±0.06a | 3.58±0.18a | 1.31±0.05a | ||
S2 | 4.10±0.28ab | 1.02±0.03ab | 3.60±0.33a | 1.25±0.07a | ||
S3 | 4.63±0.20a | 0.79±0.04ab | 3.64±0.31a | 0.77±0.03b | ||
均值 Mean | 4.06 | 0.91 | 3.53 | 1.02 | ||
郑单958 ZD958 | S0 | 3.32±0.08a | 1.86±0.07b | 3.11±0.13b | 1.74±0.11b | |
S1 | 3.71±0.09a | 2.11±0.13ab | 3.49±0.30ab | 2.27±0.25a | ||
S2 | 3.75±0.37a | 2.21±0.28ab | 3.57±0.10ab | 2.64±0.07a | ||
S3 | 4.05±0.17a | 2.26±0.01a | 3.89±0.11a | 2.43±0.21a | ||
均值 Mean | 3.70 | 2.11 | 3.52 | 2.27 | ||
方差分析 ANOVA (F-value) | G | 3.22 | 190.38** | 0.01 | 188.16** | |
S | 3.99* | 3.61* | 1.99 | 11.05** | ||
G×S | 0.25 | 1.65 | 0.52 | 3.33* |
表3
秸秆还田量对不同基因型夏玉米干物质积累量的影响"
基因型 Genotype | 秸秆还田量 Straw returning amount | 开花期 Anthesis stage (g/plant) | 成熟期 Maturity stage (g/plant) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
叶片 Leaf | 茎鞘 Stem+sheath | 穗 Ear | 总重 Total | 叶片 Leaf | 茎鞘 Stem+sheath | 苞轴 Cob+husk | 籽粒 Grain | 总重 Total | |||
浚单20 XD20 | S0 | 36.3±1.8a | 41.2±2.1a | 8.6±0.6b | 86.1±4.5b | 22.2±3.2ab | 40.2±1.4ab | 19.4±1.2b | 118.7±1.3b | 200.5±0.5b | |
S1 | 40.9±2.0a | 51.9±3.9a | 12.7±1.2a | 105.5±6.1a | 28.3±1.7a | 49.9±4.8a | 26.7±3.1a | 157.1±14.4a | 261.9±23.4a | ||
S2 | 41.2±0.9a | 49.2±3.3a | 11.1±1.3ab | 101.5±4.9ab | 27.4±1.8ab | 47.0±2.5ab | 24.2±3.3ab | 143.3±7.0ab | 241.9±11.7a | ||
S3 | 42.0±2.5a | 52.0±6.6a | 10.0±1.4b | 103.9±9.4ab | 20.5±1.7b | 37.6±2.6b | 20.2±1.6b | 122.9±7.9b | 201.1±11.7b | ||
均值 Mean | 40.1 | 48.6 | 10.9 | 99.3 | 24.6 | 43.7 | 22.4 | 135.5 | 226.4 | ||
郑单958 ZD958 | S0 | 34.0±1.4c | 43.1±2.9c | 6.7±0.1a | 83.8±3.0b | 30.8±2.3a | 41.6±2.9b | 26.7±1.9a | 130.1±12.0b | 229.2±13.2b | |
S1 | 35.5±1.7bc | 44.3±4.5bc | 7.8±0.8a | 87.6±6.0b | 31.6±2.1a | 42.0±5.8b | 29.1±2.5a | 144.3±2.0ab | 247.0±11.7b | ||
S2 | 39.9±1.2ab | 56.4±3.0ab | 8.8±1.2a | 105.2±1.8a | 37.0±2.5a | 55.4±2.7a | 32.6±0.7a | 164.0±3.0a | 289.0±1.8a | ||
S3 | 42.2±0.5a | 60.0±1.3a | 9.6±0.7a | 111.8±1.2a | 36.6±2.1a | 51.0±0.6ab | 28.5±1.9a | 160.5±2.8a | 276.6±4.6a | ||
均值 Mean | 37.9 | 51.0 | 8.2 | 97.1 | 34.0 | 47.5 | 29.2 | 149.7 | 260.5 | ||
方差分析 ANOVA (F-value) | G | 2.83 | 0.82 | 14.22** | 0.34 | 36.09** | 2.71 | 19.63** | 4.52* | 13.53** | |
S | 6.16** | 4.94** | 3.83* | 6.87** | 2.30 | 3.38* | 3.14* | 5.00* | 6.02** | ||
G×S | 1.36 | 2.05 | 2.60 | 2.77 | 2.82 | 3.93* | 0.98 | 5.31* | 6.07** |
表4
秸秆还田量对不同基因型夏玉米开花前后营养器官干物质转运的影响"
基因型 Genotype | 秸秆还田量 Straw returning amount | 花前 Before anthesis | 花后 After anthesis | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
叶片 Leaf | 茎鞘 Stem+sheath | ||||||||
DMR (g/plant) | DMRE (%) | DMRCG (%) | DMR (g/plant) | DMRE (%) | DMRCG (%) | DMAA (g/plant) | DMAACG (%) | ||
浚单20 XD20 | S0 | 14.1±1.9b | 39.2±4.6b | 11.9±1.7b | 1.0±0.4b | 2.4±0.3b | 0.8±0.1b | 114.4±9.0b | 87.3±2.0a |
S1 | 12.6±0.6b | 30.9±1.3b | 8.2±0.7b | 2.0±0.8b | 4.1±0.1b | 1.4±0.4b | 156.4±9.3a | 90.5±1.3a | |
S2 | 13.8±2.2b | 33.4±5.0b | 9.7±1.6b | 2.3±0.3b | 4.6±0.6b | 1.6±0.2b | 140.4±5.6ab | 88.8±1.4a | |
S3 | 20.5±3.0a | 49.6±5.3a | 16.9±3.2a | 14.4±2.0a | 27.5±1.2a | 12.0±1.0a | 97.2±8.9c | 71.1±3.8b | |
均值 Mean | 15.3 | 38.3 | 11.6 | 4.9 | 9.7 | 4.0 | 126.9 | 84.4 | |
郑单958 ZD958 | S0 | 3.2±0.9a | 9.3±1.2a | 2.6±0.5a | 1.5±0.3c | 3.5±0.5c | 1.1±0.1c | 145.4±6.9b | 96.3±0.9a |
S1 | 3.9±0.7a | 11.1±1.1a | 2.9±0.4a | 2.3±0.4bc | 5.7±0.5bc | 1.7±0.3bc | 159.4±2.9b | 95.3±0.7a | |
S2 | 5.3±0.7a | 12.5±1.9a | 3.2±0.7a | 4.6±0.5ab | 7.8±0.9ab | 2.8±0.4ab | 183.8±1.5a | 94.0±0.5a | |
S3 | 3.3±0.5a | 8.1±1.2a | 2.0±0.3a | 5.4±0.6a | 9.2±1.6a | 3.4±0.7a | 164.8±6.0a | 94.6±2.3a | |
均值 Mean | 3.9 | 10.3 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 6.5 | 2.3 | 163.4 | 95.0 | |
方差分析 ANOVA (F-value) | G | 103.05** | 151.40** | 75.22** | 5.83* | 27.52** | 22.35** | 27.86** | 61.89** |
S | 2.11 | 2.14 | 2.69 | 42.75** | 135.89** | 78.46** | 4.41* | 11.81** | |
G×S | 3.30* | 4.89* | 4.34* | 18.26** | 72.52** | 43.98** | 10.07** | 10.50** |
表5
秸秆还田量对不同基因型夏玉米籽粒产量及产量构成因素的影响"
基因型 Genotype | 秸秆还田量 Straw returning amount | 2017 | 2018 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
公顷穗数 Ear number (No./hm2) | 穗粒数 Grain number per ear | 百粒重 100-grain weight (g) | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | 公顷穗数 Ear number (No./hm2) | 穗粒数 Grain number per ear | 百粒重 100-grain weight (g) | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | |||
浚单20 XD20 | S0 | 66700a | 509.4b | 24.8b | 6822.4b | 66422a | 484.3a | 24.9b | 6881.4b | |
S1 | 66144a | 545.5ab | 27.2a | 8065.3a | 68645a | 488.3a | 27.2a | 8062.6a | ||
S2 | 67256a | 537.4ab | 26.9a | 7951.4a | 65033a | 507.7a | 26.7ab | 7626.0ab | ||
S3 | 65588a | 567.8a | 24.5b | 7543.9ab | 65866a | 525.0a | 25.2ab | 7393.8ab | ||
均值 Mean | 66422 | 540.0 | 25.7 | 7595.8 | 66492 | 501.3 | 26.0 | 7490.9 | ||
郑单958 ZD958 | S0 | 65866a | 495.8a | 28.5a | 7729.0b | 67311a | 497.0a | 28.9a | 7885.4b | |
S1 | 65088a | 500.2a | 28.7a | 8210.7ab | 66811a | 506.0a | 29.6a | 8195.7b | ||
S2 | 67978a | 503.2a | 30.6a | 8900.2ab | 64810a | 516.5a | 30.8a | 9340.6a | ||
S3 | 66811a | 511.4a | 29.5a | 9058.9a | 67423a | 536.7a | 30.7a | 9102.0ab | ||
均值 Mean | 66436 | 502.7 | 29.3 | 8474.7 | 66589 | 514.1 | 30.0 | 8630.9 | ||
方差分析 ANOVA (F-value) | G | 0.12 | 4.69* | 56.17** | 8.71** | 0.99 | 0.70 | 71.56** | 20.41** | |
S | 0.44 | 1.77 | 4.76* | 3.21* | 0.73 | 1.39 | 3.93* | 3.72* | ||
G×S | 0.20 | 0.28 | 2.58 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 0.02 | 1.77 | 2.22 |
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