中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (10): 1746-1760.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.10.008
张学林,周亚男,李晓立,侯小畔,安婷婷,王群
收稿日期:
2018-11-21
接受日期:
2019-01-18
出版日期:
2019-05-16
发布日期:
2019-05-23
作者简介:
张学林,Tel:13643867669;E-mail: 基金资助:
ZHANG XueLin,ZHOU YaNan,LI XiaoLi,HOU XiaoPan,AN TingTing,WANG Qun
Received:
2018-11-21
Accepted:
2019-01-18
Online:
2019-05-16
Published:
2019-05-23
摘要:
【目的】明确室内和大田条件下小麦和玉米秸秆分解和养分释放的影响因素,能够为作物秸秆合理还田及其养分管理提供理论依据。【方法】采用尼龙网袋法于室内培养和大田试验相结合研究氮肥用量(0,CK;180 kg N·hm -2,N180和360 kg N·hm -2,N360)作用下作物秸秆分解特征,其中室内主要研究氮肥用量和土壤类型(砂姜黑土和潮土)对小麦和玉米秸秆分解的影响;2015年6月至2016年6月冬小麦-夏玉米大田研究氮肥用量和秸秆还田深度(地表和20 cm)对小麦和玉米秸秆分解的影响。 【结果】室内研究发现,秸秆类型和土壤类型显著影响秸秆分解常数、有机碳释放量、氮释放量和磷释放量。随氮肥用量增加,小麦秸秆分解常数在两种土壤类型上均呈增加趋势,玉米秸秆呈降低趋势;小麦和玉米秸秆氮释放量呈降低趋势(小麦秸秆在潮土上呈增加趋势)。小麦秸秆在潮土上的分解常数及其碳、氮、磷释放量均显著高于砂姜黑土,而土壤类型对玉米秸秆分解影响较小。室内相同培养条件下(180 d),小麦秸秆碳释放量均值为370 g·kg -1、氮为4 g·kg -1、磷为3.6 g·kg -1;玉米秸秆碳释放量为560 g·kg -1、氮11 g·kg -1、磷3.3 g·kg -1。大田条件下,秸秆还田深度显著影响小麦和玉米秸秆分解常数及其碳、氮、磷释放量;其中秸秆还田20 cm处理的分解常数及其养分释放量均显著高于地表处理。随氮肥用量增加,地表处理小麦秸秆分解常数和全碳释放量逐渐降低,玉米秸秆呈增加趋势;20 cm处理小麦分解常数及其碳、氮和磷释放量均随氮肥用量呈增加趋势,而玉米秸秆呈降低趋势。地表处理小麦秸秆经过一个玉米生长季能分解40%,释放碳150 g·kg -1、氮2 g·kg -1、磷3.5 g·kg -1左右;翻埋到地下20 cm可以分解80%,释放碳360 g·kg -1、氮4 g·kg -1、磷3.8 g·kg -1。玉米秸秆还田到地表,经过一个小麦生长季只能分解40%,释放碳210 g·kg -1、氮5 g·kg -1、磷2 g·kg -1;而还田于土层20 cm处理可以分解60%,释放碳360 g·kg -1、氮6 g·kg -1、磷2.5 g·kg -1。主成分分析结果表明,室内条件下小麦秸秆分解常数与土壤无机氮、脲酶、秸秆氮含量呈显著正相关,与蔗糖酶和秸秆碳氮比呈显著负相关,而玉米秸秆分解常数与土壤无机氮呈显著负相关。大田条件下小麦秸秆分解常数与土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、秸秆碳氮比、秸秆碳、氮含量均显著负相关;玉米秸秆分解常数与土壤硝态氮、无机氮含量、脲酶、蔗糖酶以及秸秆碳氮比均呈显著负相关,而与秸秆氮、磷含量呈显著正相关。 【结论】室内培养试验和大田试验均表明,小麦和玉米秸秆分解常数和养分释放特征存在差异,增施氮肥促进小麦秸秆分解但对玉米秸秆分解的影响较小;潮土和砂姜黑土显著影响小麦秸秆分解而对玉米秸秆分解的影响较小,秸秆还田深埋入土能够显著促进小麦和玉米秸秆的分解及其养分释放。生产上作物秸秆应该还田入土,并根据土壤类型和作物类型采取合适的肥料用量促进秸秆分解。
张学林, 周亚男, 李晓立, 侯小畔, 安婷婷, 王群. 氮肥对室内和大田条件下作物秸秆分解和养分释放的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(10): 1746-1760.
ZHANG XueLin, ZHOU YaNan, LI XiaoLi, HOU XiaoPan, AN TingTing, WANG Qun. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Crop Residue Decomposition and Nutrient Release Under Lab Incubation and Field Conditions[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(10): 1746-1760.
表1
室内培养试验所用潮土和砂姜黑土基础养分、机械组成等特性比较"
全氮 TN (g·kg-1) | 有机碳 SOC (g·kg-1) | 全磷 TP (g·kg-1) | pH | 土壤机械组成Mechanical compositions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
砂粒Sand (%) | 粉粒Silt (%) | 黏粒Clay (%) | |||||
砂姜黑土(ST) | 28.0±0.2 | 82.0±0.9 | 45.0±0.8 | 6.8±0.2 | 39.1±4.6 | 21.4±1.2 | 39.6±5.1 |
潮土(FT) | 32.0±0.7 | 73.0±0.4 | 39.0±0.2 | 7.8±0.01 | 5.7±0.4 | 56.4±3.9 | 37.9±3.8 |
t-test | NS | NS | NS | 4.8* | -7.3** | 7.2** | NS |
表2
室内培养条件下不同处理之间小麦和玉米秸秆分解常数(k)、养分释放量(Dt)比较"
作物 Crop | 处理 Treatments | 分解常数Decay constant (k) (%) | 碳释放量 C release (g C·kg-1) | 氮释放量N release (g N·kg-1 ) | 磷释放量P release (g P·kg-1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
砂姜黑土ST | 潮土FT | 砂姜黑土ST | 潮土FT | 砂姜黑土ST | 潮土FT | 砂姜黑土ST | 潮土FT | ||
小麦 Wheat | SCK | 3.0±0.2a | 3.6±0.1a | 352.3±2. 5b | 384.1±0.9b | 3.6±0.04c | 4.3±0.06a | 3.6±0.06a | 3.6±0.12a |
SN180 | 3.1±0.1a | 4.1±0.1b | 332.5±3.6a | 379. 6±2.8a | 3.5±0.04b | 4.5±0.07b | 3.6±0.03a | 3.6±0.04a | |
SN360 | 3.2±0.1a | 4.3±0.1c | 333.6±6.5a | 393.2±3.7c | 3.4±0.07a | 4.6±0.11b | 3.6±0.03a | 3. 7±0.07a | |
t -test | -12.2*** | -12.3*** | -13.9*** | -2.2* | |||||
玉米 Maize | SCK | 5.8±0.04c | 5.7±0.11b | 570.0±1.1c | 563.4±2.2a | 11.4±0.06b | 11.3±0.5a | 3.3±0.07a | 3.3±0.11a |
SN180 | 5.5±0.07b | 5.5±0.04a | 566.9±0.7b | 564.4±5.01a | 11.1±0.04a | 11.1±0.1a | 3.3±0.04a | 3.3±0.03a | |
SN360 | 5.2±0.06a | 5. 5±0.03a | 563.8±2.5a | 564.6±9.6a | 11±0.02a | 11.1±0.2a | 3.3±0.08a | 3.2±0.05a | |
t -test | NS | NS | NS | NS | |||||
Cr | 5289.8*** | 27956.9*** | 24276.1*** | 281.9*** | |||||
S | 310.3*** | 318.7*** | 115.6*** | 1.6 | |||||
F | 0.1 | 9.9*** | 3.6* | 0.1 | |||||
Cr×S | 249.7*** | 406.5*** | 104.6*** | 4.0 | |||||
Cr×F | 86.4*** | 7.7** | 6.5** | 0.9 | |||||
S×F | 18.9*** | 17.5*** | 4.4* | 0.42 | |||||
Cr×S×F | 2.0 | 5.9** | 1.9 | 1.26 |
表3
室内培养条件下小麦和玉米秸秆干重剩余率(L)的变化"
作物 Crop | 处理 Tr | 30 d | 60 d | 90 d | 120 d | 150 d | 180 d | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
砂姜黑土ST | 潮土 FT | 砂姜黑土ST | 潮土 FT | 砂姜黑土ST | 潮土 FT | 砂姜黑土ST | 潮土 FT | 砂姜黑土ST | 潮土 FT | 砂姜黑土ST | 潮土 FT | |||
小麦 Wheat | SCK | 70.5±0.9a | 73.1±1.5b | 50.3±2.2a | 47.9±1.7a | 31.4±2.6a | 24.8±1.4b | 25.7±5.4a | 18.1±1.4a | 23.3±3.9a | 15.9±1.2a | 22.3±2.1a | 14.1±1. 5b | |
SN180 | 69.8±0.6a | 70.8±1.7b | 47.9±6.1a | 45.8±1.6a | 29.4±1.8a | 20.3±1.7a | 23. 5±1.5a | 15.8±1.6a | 22. 8±3.4a | 14.3±1.3a | 21.7±1.3a | 13.6±0.9b | ||
SN360 | 69.4±4.2a | 66.9±2.8a | 47.4±6.0a | 45.5±2.7a | 30.1±1.4a | 24.5±1.4b | 23.2±1.8a | 16.1±1.3a | 21.3±1.2a | 13.9±2.3a | 20.3±1.4a | 11.4±1.0a | ||
t -test | NS | NS | t = 9.3*** | t = 6.8*** | t =8.8*** | t = 20.5 | ||||||||
玉米 Maize | SCK | 47.8±2.2a | 52.0±2.7a | 30.3±1.7a | 33.4±1.4a | 13.8±0.8a | 13.6±0.8a | 11.0±1.2a | 9.4±0.8a | 6.1±0.5a | 6.3±0.6a | 5.4±0.1a | 5. 7±0.3a | |
SN180 | 50.2±0.6ab | 52.5±2.8a | 32.9±0.7b | 36.0±2.3b | 15.2±1.5a | 13.6±1.4a | 10.8±0.5a | 12.6±1.4b | 6.9±1.0a | 9.3±1.0b | 6.3±0.2b | 6.3±0.1b | ||
SN360 | 50.98±1.6b | 51.8±2.0a | 30.8±1.0a | 37.8±0.8b | 14.9±0.6a | 16.0±1.4b | 12.6±0.6b | 12.7±1.3b | 9.6±0.9b | 9.7±0.9b | 7.3±0.2c | 6.5±0.1b | ||
t-test | t = -3.0* | t = -5.8*** | NS | NS | NS | NS |
表4
大田条件下不同处理之间小麦和玉米秸秆分解常数(k)、养分释放量(Dt)比较"
处理Treatment | 分解常数(k) Decay constant (%) | 有机碳释放量 C release (g C ·kg-1) | 全氮释放量 N release (g N·kg-1) | 全磷释放量 P release (g P· kg-1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 cm soil layer | 20 cm soil layer | 0 cm soil layer | 20 cm soil layer | 0 cm soil layer | 20 cm soil layer | 0 cm soil layer | 20 cm soil layer | ||
小麦 Wheat | CK | 1.9±0.08a | 4.6±0.2a | 173.9±11.2b | 351.2±5.2a | 1.9±0.4a | 3.7±0.4a | 3.4±0.2a | 3.8±0.3a |
N180 | 1.8±0.09a | 4.7±0.2a | 166.2±4.7b | 356.1±9.4a | 2.2±0.02a | 4.2±0.4a | 3.5±0.3a | 3.8±0.3a | |
N360 | 1.7±0.07a | 4.9±0.1b | 136.1±1.5a | 365.8±6.0a | 1.7±0.2a | 4.2±0.3a | 3.4±0.2a | 3.9±0.3a | |
D | 3246.1*** | 3547.2*** | 211.5*** | 9.3*** | |||||
F | 1.9 | 4.7* | 2.5 | 0.07 | |||||
D×F | 8.6** | 22.4*** | 1.5 | 0.03 | |||||
玉米 Maize | CK | 0.7±0.04a | 1.6±0.1b | 198.9±14.3a | 376.93±11.6b | 4.5±0.5a | 7.2±0.5b | 1.8±0.2a | 2.6±0.1b |
N180 | 0.8±0.06a | 1.50.03a | 210.6±10.5a | 366.14±9.5b | 5.2±0.3a | 5.1±0.1a | 1.9±0.2a | 2.3±0.1a | |
N360 | 0.7±0.07a | 1.43±0.03a | 226.7±22.2a | 341.78±2.6a | 5.1±0.5a | 5.7±0.6a | 2.3±0.10b | 2.2±0.2a | |
D | 772.5*** | 582.2*** | 25.89*** | 23.4*** | |||||
F | 3.9* | 0.2 | 3.86* | 2.2 | |||||
D×F | 5.9* | 8.8** | 17.28*** | 12.6*** |
表5
大田条件下小麦和玉米秸秆分解期间干重剩余率(L)变化"
Tr | 小麦Wheat | 玉米Maize | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 d | 60 d | 90 d | 120 d | 60 d | 120 d | 150 d | 180 d | 210 d | ||
地表 处理Surface | CK | 67.3±2.0a | 63.8±0. 8a | 60.4±0.4a | 56.2±1.1a | 87.2±1.6a | 81.5±2.3a | 76.6±1.9a | 71.0±1.6a | 65.3±1.1a |
N180 | 67. 6±1.6a | 63.4±0.4a | 61.4±2.7a | 57.5±0.3ab | 86.3±1.7a | 81.0±2.1a | 75.2±1.7ab | 70.6±2.4a | 64.9±1.6a | |
N360 | 64.9±1.0a | 63.4±1.9a | 60.8±1.3a | 58.8±1.0b | 88.4±1.4a | 81.5±1.3a | 77.7±0.7a | 69.7±1.1a | 64.9±2.1a | |
20 cm 处理 20 cm Depth | CK | 50.6±0.5c | 38.0±1.2b | 28.0±0.3b | 24.5±0. 9b | 63.7±1.6a | 55.5±2.2a | 48.5±2.1a | 40.1±1.2a | 39.2±1.5a |
N180 | 49.0±0.6b | 36.4±0.9ab | 27.0±0.6b | 23.9±1.0b | 64.9±1.6a | 60.4±1.3b | 50.4±2.0ab | 44.0±1.1b | 42.3±0.7b | |
N360 | 47.7±0.5a | 34.9±0.7a | 24.5±0.9a | 21.9±0.4a | 69.1±1.8b | 56.9±0.9ab | 51.5±1.6b | 46.0±1.4b | 44.1±1.5b | |
t-test | -27.2*** | -42.5*** | -38.2*** | -38.0*** | -32.1*** | -28.2*** | -51.2*** | 27. 9*** | -33.0*** |
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