温室番茄植株养分和光合对水肥耦合的响应及其与产量关系

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.10.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究水肥耦合对番茄植株养分吸收和光合参数的影响及其相互关系,为西北温室番茄科学水肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】通过日光温室番茄试验,基于水分蒸发量设置3个灌水量：1.00E（W1）、0.75E（W2）、0.50E（W3）和3个施肥水平（N-P₂O₅-K₂O）：高肥320-160-320 kg?hm ^-2（F1）、中肥240-120-240 kg?hm ^-2（F2）和低肥160-80-160 kg?hm ^-2（F3）,以当地常规灌水施肥为对照（CK）。【结果】结果表明,不同水肥处理对番茄叶面积指数（LAI）和叶绿素含量影响显著（P<0.05）,均随灌水施肥量的增加而增加。LAI在成熟采摘期达最大,而叶绿素含量随植株生长先增加后降低,果实膨大期达到最大。叶片N、P、K含量呈N>K>P,分别在22.83—47.20、4.45—7.08和22.00—34.92 g?kg ^-1间变化,提高灌水量与施肥量利于提高叶片养分含量、植株养分累积及养分向果实的转移,W1F1处理下叶片N、P、K含量及植株N、K和果实养分累积量均达到最大（除51 d叶片N和89 d叶片P含量外）。灌水和施肥对植株净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）影响显著（P<0.05）,适当增加灌水量与施肥量,能够提高植株Pn、Gs、Tr。整个生育期W1F1处理下Pn最大,而Tr在CK下最大（90 d除外）。在成熟采摘期水胁迫显著降低了Pn,而在W1水平继续灌水对提高Pn、Gs、Tr不明显。番茄各生育期叶片N、P、K含量与叶绿素含量和Pn均呈显著正相关关系,植株和果实养分累积量与净光合速率和产量均呈显著正相关关系。【结论】综合考虑叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、光合参数、植株养分吸收累积及最终产量,W1F1处理（灌水量1.0E,施肥量N-P₂O₅-K₂O 320-160-320 kg?hm ^-2）为最优灌水施肥组合。

关键词: 番茄, 水肥耦合, 叶面积指数, 植株养分, 光合特性, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】The objectives of the study were to explore the coupling effects of water and fertilizer on tomato plant nutrient absorption, photosynthetic parameters and their relationships, so as to provide a theoretical basis for water and fertilizer management of greenhouse tomato in Northwest China.【Method】The experiment was conducted in a solar greenhouse, and water volumes based on moisture evaporation were set as 1.00E (W1), 0.75E (W2) and 0.50E (W3). Fertilizer treatments of N-P₂O₅-K₂O (F) included 320-160-320 kg?hm ^-2 (high fertilizer, F1), 240-120-240 kg?hm ^-2 (middle fertilizer, F2) and 160-80-160 kg?hm ^-2 (low fertilizer, F3), Besides, the local irrigation and fertilization was set as control (CK).【Result】The results showed that irrigation and fertilization had a significant effect on leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll content, as well as LAI and chlorophyll content increased with the increasing of irrigation and fertilization. LAI reached the maximum value at the ripening stage, while chlorophyll content firstly increased then decreased with plant growth, and reached the maximum value at the fruit expansion stage. The contents of N, P and K in leaves showed the N>K>P trend, and the content was 22.83-47.20, 4.45-7.08 and 22.00-34.92 g?kg ^-1, respectively. The increasing of irrigation and fertilization was beneficial to the increase of leaf nutrient content, plant nutrient accumulation and nutrient transfer to fruit, which reached the maximum value under W1F1 treatment except for the content of N at 51d and P at 89d in leaves and P accumulation in plant. Irrigation and fertilization had a significant effect on net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr). Pn, Gs and Tr increased with the increasing of irrigation amount and fertilizer amount. Among different fertilizer and water treatments, W1F1 treatment had the highest Pn, while CK had the highest Tr except for 90d. Pn reduced significantly under water stress during tomato ripening period. The Pn, Gs and Tr value did not enhance significantly when the irrigation continued to increase at W1 level. The contents of N, P and K in leaves were positively correlated with chlorophyll content and Pn at different growth stages. In addition, plant and fruit nutrient accumulation amount of tomato showed a significant positive correlation with net photosynthetic and yield. 【Conclusion】In conclusion, the W1F1 treatment (irrigation amount of 1.0E and fertilizer of N-P₂O₅-K₂O 320-160-320 kg?hm ^-2) was considered as the optimal fertilizer and water treatment through the comprehensive consideration of leaf area index, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic parameters, plant nutrient accumulation and yield of tomato.

Key words: tomato, irrigation and fertilization coupling, leaf area index, plant nutrient, photosynthetic characteristics, yield

王虎兵, 曹红霞, 郝舒雪, 潘小燕. 温室番茄植株养分和光合对水肥耦合的响应及其与产量关系[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(10): 1761-1771.

WANG HuBing, CAO HongXia, HAO ShuXue, PAN XiaoYan. Responses of Plant Nutrient and Photosynthesis in Greenhouse Tomato to Water-Fertilizer Coupling and Their Relationship with Yield[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(10): 1761-1771.

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灌溉水平 Irrigation level	施肥水平 Fertilizer level	叶面积指数LAI				叶绿素含量Chl (g?kg^-1)
灌溉水平 Irrigation level	施肥水平 Fertilizer level	51 d	63 d	89 d	117 d	52 d	6 5d	90 d	118 d
	F1	1.39a	2.51a	3.77ab	4.48ab	2.16a	2.42a	3.14a	2.78a
W1	F2	1.38a	2.36b	3.60abc	4.08bc	2.14a	2.21b	3.03b	2.65abc
	F3	1.25abc	2.19c	3.18bcd	3.80cd	2.00bc	2.10cd	2.84c	2.62bcd
	F1	1.30abc	2.21c	2.92cde	3.59de	2.05ab	2.10c	2.95b	2.63bc
W2	F2	1.21abc	2.24bc	2.82de	3.42def	1.96bcd	2.07cd	2.79c	2.56cd
	F3	1.04bc	2.00d	2.71de	3.12fg	1.90cd	2.00d	2.63d	2.39ef
	F1	1.22abc	1.82e	2.91cde	3.20efg	1.85d	2.04cd	2.55de	2.54cde
W3	F2	1.05bc	1.99d	2.68de	3.10fg	1.92bcd	2.00cd	2.63d	2.47def
	F3	1.01c	1.52f	2.41e	2.89g	1.69e	1.86e	2.51e	2.37f
CK		1.31ab	2.60a	3.96a	4.62a	2.05ab	2.35a	3.02b	2.75ab
灌溉 Irrigation		*	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
施肥 Fertilization		*	**	ns	**	**	**	**	**
灌溉×施肥 Irrigation×Fertilization		ns	*	ns	ns	ns	*	**	ns

灌溉水平 Irrigation level	施肥水平 Fertilizer level	叶片N含量 Leaf N content (g?kg^-1)				叶片P含量 Leaf P content (g?kg^-1)				叶片K含量 Leaf K content (g?kg^-1)
灌溉水平 Irrigation level	施肥水平 Fertilizer level	51 d	63 d	89 d	117 d	51 d	63 d	89 d	117 d	51 d	63 d	89 d	117 d
	F1	44.89ab	47.20a	42.95a	37.62a	6.65a	6.90a	6.83a	6.58a	32.98a	33.52a	34.92a	28.23a
W1	F2	45.59a	45.68ab	38.82abcd	35.68ab	6.22ab	6.84a	6.77a	5.70abc	30.45abc	31.52abc	31.57abc	26.32ab
	F3	44.17abc	43.64abc	36.03cde	30.92bc	6.16abc	6.29abc	6.35ab	5.65bc	29.27bcd	29.62bcd	30.67abc	25.27abc
	F1	44.32abc	44.39abc	39.94abc	35.08ab	6.14abc	6.52ab	6.80a	6.47ab	30.17bcd	32.03ab	32.95ab	26.37ab
W2	F2	41.74c	41.53bc	36.54bcde	33.80ab	5.31cd	6.31abc	6.23ab	5.60bc	28.10cd	30.52bc	28.37abc	22.95cd
	F3	42.94abc	43.22abc	35.86cde	26.83cd	5.67bcd	6.49ab	6.32ab	4.45d	27.98cd	29.07bcd	28.30abc	23.38bcd
	F1	42.05c	43.10abc	36.00cde	32.59b	6.10abc	6.37ab	6.24ab	6.46ab	28.55cd	30.12bcd	31.30abc	23.62bcd
W3	F2	42.37bc	41.00c	34.72de	25.62d	5.30cd	5.95bc	6.61ab	4.97cd	28.07cd	27.45d	27.20bc	25.00abcd
	F3	36.32d	36.57d	33.76e	22.83d	5.06d	5.70c	5.64b	4.62d	27.48d	28.53cd	24.52c	22.00d
CK		44.09abc	41.40bc	40.96ab	34.45ab	6.38ab	6.59a	7.08a	5.70abc	31.40ab	30.63abc	34.35ab	26.23ab
灌溉 Irrigation		**	**	**	**	**	**	ns	ns	**	*	*	*
施肥 Fertilization		**	*	*	**	**	ns	ns	**	*	*	*	*
灌溉×施肥 Irrigation×Fertilization		*	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

灌溉水平 Irrigation level	施肥水平 Fertilizer level	净光合速率Pn (μmol?m^-2?s^-1)				气孔导度Gs (mol?m^-2?s^-1)				蒸腾速率Tr (mmol?m^-2?s^-1)
灌溉水平 Irrigation level	施肥水平 Fertilizer level	52 d	65 d	90 d	118 d	52 d	65 d	90 d	118 d	52 d	65 d	90 d	118 d
	F1	22.92a	27.24a	25.46a	23.20a	1.31a	1.15b	1.16a	0.83a	8.54abc	15.89a	15.87a	13.81ab
W1	F2	21.71bc	26.22ab	22.34bc	20.79b	1.24a	1.06c	0.96bc	0.70b	7.97bc	14.49b	14.02b	13.15bc
	F3	21.41c	24.35b	19.47de	18.53c	1.05b	1.02c	0.76d	0.63b	7.13cde	14.22b	12.11cd	12.83c
	F1	20.70c	24.28b	20.96cd	19.35bc	1.01b	0.89d	0.89c	0.66b	7.42bcde	12.82c	12.42c	13.02bc
W2	F2	18.61d	20.90c	18.97de	18.20cd	0.99bc	0.86de	0.74d	0.62bc	8.90ab	12.54cd	11.59cde	12.44cd
	F3	18.28d	19.50cd	18.81de	16.53d	0.90cd	0.84de	0.63e	0.53cd	7.60bcd	12.42cd	11.99cd	11.55de
	F1	16.50e	19.01cd	18.24de	14.50e	0.61f	0.80ef	0.58e	0.44de	8.36bc	11.91cd	11.08def	10.83e
W3	F2	16.81e	18.45d	18.47de	14.65e	0.88d	0.73f	0.62e	0.48de	5.82e	11.71d	10.47ef	11.40e
	F3	16.10e	18.14d	17.24e	14.32e	0.73e	0.63g	0.42f	0.42e	6.07de	10.24e	10.22f	10.62e
CK		22.87ab	25.45ab	24.83ab	23.18a	1.29a	1.37a	1.02b	0.83a	10.07a	16.54a	14.80ab	14.13a
灌溉 Irrigation		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
施肥 Fertilization		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	ns	**	**	*
灌溉×施肥 Irrigation×Fertilization		ns	ns	ns	ns	**	ns	**	ns	*	ns	**	ns

灌溉水平 Irrigation level	施肥水平 Fertilizer level	植株养分累积量 Plant nutrient accumulation amount (kg?hm^-2)			果实养分累积量 Fruit nutrient accumulation amount (kg?hm^-2)
灌溉水平 Irrigation level	施肥水平 Fertilizer level	N	P	K	N	P	K
	F1	270.95a	74.80ab	330.36a	129.19a	38.01a	232.91a
W1	F2	239.46bc	71.16abc	298.19bc	113.54b	36.11abc	208.22bc
	F3	225.29cd	68.37c	290.41cd	110.69b	35.00abcd	203.21bc
	F1	236.92bc	69.54bc	294.82bcd	110.29b	33.19cde	203.30bc
W2	F2	217.40d	65.97cd	277.67de	103.18bcd	32.14de	194.94cd
	F3	194.85e	58.06e	265.18e	92.48de	30.54e	186.08de
	F1	217.00d	67.13cd	289.28cd	104.91bc	33.27bcde	204.92bc
W3	F2	197.88e	61.64de	276.11de	96.19cd	30.24e	198.93bcd
	F3	173.31f	59.35e	245.06f	83.21e	30.59e	175.72e
CK		245.80b	76.26a	310.73b	113.20b	36.56ab	214.35b
灌溉 Irrigation		**	**	**	**	**	**
施肥 Fertilization		**	**	**	**	*	**
灌溉×施肥 Irrigation×Fertilization		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

指标 Index	叶绿素含量 Chl				气孔导度 Gs
指标 Index	52 d	65 d	90 d	118 d	52 d	65 d	90 d	118 d
净光合速率 Pn	0.890**	0.881**	0.921**	0.904**	0.939**	0.855**	0.958**	0.992**
蒸腾速率 Tr	0.504	0.956**	0.917**	0.915**	0.515	0.986**	0.951**	0.986**
气孔导度 Gs	0.880**	0.919**	0.981**	0.910**	—	—	—	—