长期定位施肥下潮土磷素盈亏及对无机磷的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.21.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的探讨长期定位施肥下潮土磷素盈亏、各形态无机磷的变化及土壤磷素盈亏对无机磷的影响,为潮土合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。方法在“国家潮土肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验基地”,以NK（不施磷肥）处理为对照,研究华北地区常见的4种施肥模式（NPK（单施化肥）、SNPK（秸秆还田）、MNPK（有机无机配施）、1.5MNPK（高量有机无机配施））下,土壤表观磷盈亏、累积磷盈亏、各形态无机磷含量变化,以及土壤磷素盈亏对各形态无机磷的影响。结果 25年不施磷肥土壤磷始终处于亏缺状态,土壤磷累积亏缺431.8 kg·hm ^-2,4种施磷肥模式（NPK、SNPK、MNPK、1.5MNPK）25年土壤磷分别累积盈余291.2、398.4、1742.4、2 676.9 kg·hm ^-2。长期不施磷肥,土壤无机磷以Ca₂-P减少最多,减少49.0%。试验前13年上述4种施肥模式土壤Ca₂-P增加1.2—5.4倍,平均增加1.26—5.73 mg·kg ^-1·a ^-1,后12年单施化肥、秸秆还田和有机无机配施Ca₂-P增长速率降低99.2%—112.6%,高量有机无机配施土壤Ca₂-P年降低2.0 mg·kg ^-1,以上4种施肥模式土壤Ca₂-P相对含量25年增加1.0%—3.5%;连续25年施用磷肥,土壤Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P分别增加1.4—6.5、1.8—3.3、1.1—2.2倍,平均增加4.69—19.81、1.67—3.10、1.23—2.37 mg·kg ^-1·a ^-1,其相对含量分别增加8.4%—30.0%、3.3%—4.0%、1.8%—3.3%;Ca₁₀-P和O-P含量长期维持在350—410、100—160 mg·kg ^-1,但其相对含量分别减少11.4%—29.7%、3.1%—8.9%。25年不施磷肥,土壤每亏缺100 kg P·hm ^-2,Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Ca₁₀-P、O-P分别减少1.2、2.7、1.1、1.5、0.8、7.5 mg·kg ^-1。单施化肥和秸秆还田模式土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm ^-2,Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Ca₁₀-P、O-P分别增加3.9—5.0、21.5—21.6、6.5—7.4、4.8—5.6、4.0—7.5、2.4—7.2 mg·kg ^-1。有机无机配施模式（MNPK、1.5MNPK）土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm ^-2,Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Ca₁₀-P、O-P分别增加1.8—2.8、14.2—16.4、2.5—3.2、1.9—2.6、-0.2—1.2、0.3—1.9 mg·kg ^-1。结论长期施用磷肥能够提高潮土磷盈余量,提高土壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P含量及其占总无机磷的相对含量,其中有机无机配施模式提高程度高于单施化肥和秸秆还田;潮土盈余相同磷量时,土壤无机磷以Ca₈-P增量最多,其次是Al-P、Fe-P;单施化肥土壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P增加量高于秸秆还田和有机无机配施模式。

关键词: 长期定位施肥, 潮土, 磷素盈亏, 无机磷

Abstract:

【Objective】 In this study, the changes of phosphorus profit and loss as well as various forms of inorganic phosphorus in fluvo-aquic soil under long-term fertilizer application, and the effect of soil phosphorus profit and loss on inorganic phosphorus were discussed, which provided a theoretical basis for the rational application of phosphorus fertilizer in fluvo-aquic soil.【Method】 Based on the “National Long-term Monitoring Station for Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Benefit in Fluvo-aquic Soil”, the four fertilization modes in North China including NPK (single chemical fertilizer), SNPK (straw return), MNPK (organic-inorganic combined application), 1.5 MNPK (high amount of organic-inorganic combined application), were studied with the control of NK (non-phosphate fertilizer) to study the changes of apparent phosphorus profit and loss, cumulative phosphorus profit and loss, the content and relative content of each form of inorganic phosphorus, and the effect of soil phosphorus profit and loss on each form of inorganic phosphorus.【Result】 Under the condition of not applying phosphate fertilizer for 25 years, the phosphorus in the soil was always in a state of deficit, the cumulative deficit of phosphorus in soil was 431.8 kg·hm ^-2, after 25 years, the cumulative surplus of soil phosphorus on four phosphate fertilizer models (NPK, SNPK, MNPK, and1.5MNPK) was 291.2, 398.4, 1 742.4, and 2 676.9 kg·hm ^-2, respectively. When phosphorus fertilizer was not applied for a long time, Ca₂-P decreased most in soil inorganic phosphorus by 49.0%. In the first 13 years, the soil Ca₂-P of the above four fertilizer models increased by 1.2-5.4 times, with an average annual increase of 1.26-5.73 mg·kg ^-1. In the latter 12 years, the growth rate of soil Ca₂-P decreased by 99.2%-112.6% by applying chemical fertilizer single, straw returning and organic-inorganic combined application model; and the content of Ca₂-P in the soil decreased by 2.0 mg·kg ^-1 per year. The relative content of soil Ca₂-P increased by 1.0%-3.5% in 25 years above four fertilizer models. After 25 years of application of phosphate fertilizer, the content of Ca₈-P, Al-P, and Fe-P in soil increased 1.4-6.5, 1.8-3.3, and 1.1-2.2 times, respectively, with an average annual increase of 4.69-19.81, 1.67-3.10, and 1.23-2.37 mg·kg ^-1, respectively; the relative content increased 8.4%-3.0%, 3.3%-4.0%, 1.8%-3.3%, respectively. The contents of Ca₁₀-P and O-P were oscillatory between 350-410 and 100-160 mg·kg ^-1 for a long time, but their relative contents decreased by 11.4%-29.7% and 3.1%-8.9%, respectively. Under the condition of not applying phosphate fertilizer for 25 years, for every 100 kg P·hm ^-2 cumulative deficit, Ca₂-P, Ca₈-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca₁₀-P, and O-P in soil decreased by 1.2, 2.7, 1.1, 1.5, 0.8, and 7.5 mg·kg ^-1, respectively. Under the mode of single fertilizer and straw returning for 25 years, for every 100 kg P·hm ^-2 cumulative surplus, Ca₂-P, Ca₈-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca₁₀-P, and O-P in soil increased by 3.9-5.0, 21.5-21.6, 6.5-7.4, 4.8-5.6, 4.0-7.5, and 2.4-7.2 mg·kg ^-1, respectively. Under the mode of organic and inorganic combined application for 25 years, for every 100 kg P·hm ^-2 cumulative surplus, Ca₂-P, Ca₈-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca₁₀-P, and O-P in soil increased by 1.8-2.8, 14.2-16.4, 2.5-3.2, 1.9-2.6, -0.2-1.2, and 0.3-1.9 mg·kg ^-1, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The long-term application of phosphorus fertilizer could increase the surplus of phosphorus and the content and its relative content of Ca₂-P, Ca₈-P, Al-P, and Fe-P in fluvo-aquic soil, and the effect of organic and inorganic combined application was higher than that of single chemical fertilizer and straw returning. When the surplus of phosphorus in fluvo-aquic soil was the same, the increment of Ca₈-P was the most in all fertilizer models, followed by Al-P and Fe-P, and the increment of Ca₂-P, Ca₈-P, Al-P, and Fe-P in soil with single chemical fertilizer was higher than that of straw returning and organic and inorganic combined application.

Key words: long-term located fertilization, fluvo-aquic soil, phosphorus profit and loss, inorganic phosphorus

王柏寒,黄绍敏,郭斗斗,张水清,宋晓,岳克,张珂珂. 长期定位施肥下潮土磷素盈亏及对无机磷的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(21): 3842-3851.

WANG BoHan,HUANG ShaoMin,GUO DouDou,ZHANG ShuiQing,SONG Xiao,YUE Ke,ZHANG KeKe. Phosphorus Profit and Loss and Its Effect on Inorganic Phosphorus in Fluvo-Aquic Soil Under Long-Term Located Fertilization[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(21): 3842-3851.

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