长期定位施肥对潮土剖面养分分布的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.21.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】基于长期定位试验平台,研究3种施肥制度（化肥、有机肥、有机/无机配合施肥）对潮土培肥效果及养分空间分布特征影响,为华北平原潮土农田进行合理培肥和科学施肥提供依据。【方法】依托始于1986年长期定位试验,选取不施肥的对照（CK）,等氮量投入化肥（F）、有机肥（M）及有机/无机配合施肥（MF）共 4个处理,采集0—200cm剖面土壤样品（按每20cm一层分开）,测定并分析土壤pH、有机质、氮磷钾及硝态氮空间分布特征。【结果】连续施肥31年后,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾等指标的含量均随土层深度增加而呈递减趋势,除硝态氮和有效磷外,3种施肥制度主要影响0—40 cm 土体养分含量;等氮量（N 180—225 kg·hm^-2）投入下,化肥、有机肥及有机/无机配合（50%化肥+50%有机肥）施肥,土壤剖面（0—40cm）有机质含量分别为14.2、25.6和18.2 g·kg^-1,有机肥和有机/无机配施比化肥增加80.3%、28.2%;土壤剖面（0—40cm）全氮含量分别为0.93、1.67和1.21 g·kg^-1,有机肥和有机/无机配施比化肥增加79.6%、30.1%;土壤剖面（0—40 cm）碱解氮含量分别为80.2、120.7和83.3 mg·kg^-1,有机肥和有机/无机配施比化肥增加50.5%、3.9%;土壤剖面（0—200 cm）硝态氮含量分别为21.1、6.2和11.9 mg·kg^-1,化肥处理分别是有机肥和有机/无机配合施肥的3.4倍和1.8倍;土壤剖面（0—60 cm）有效磷含量分别为18.6、134.3和60.5 mg·kg^-1,有机肥和有机/无机配施是化肥的7.2倍和3.3倍;土壤剖面（0—40 cm）速效钾含量分别为90、163和89 mg·kg^-1,施有机肥是施化肥的1.8倍;与单施化肥处理相比,长期施用有机肥或有机/无机配施处理,0—200 cm土层pH未表现出显著性差异。【结论】长期施用化肥氮素淋溶风险高：长期施用化肥0—200 cm土体硝态氮含量平均值为21.1 mg·kg^-1,硝态氮淋溶风险增加;长期施用有机肥磷素淋溶风险高：长期施用牛粪有机肥以及有机/无机配施处理土壤磷素虽集中在60 cm以上土层,其20—40 cm土壤有效磷含量高达为115和70 mg·kg^-1,土壤磷素累积渗漏导致潜在风险应予以重视;有机/无机配合施肥能够保证作物高产优质,并且能有效降低氮、磷素环境污染风险。

关键词: 潮土, 施肥制度, 土壤剖面, 土壤养分

Abstract:

【Objective】Based on the long-term positioning monitoring platform of fertilization experiment, the effects of different fertilization patterns on the soil fertility and spatial distribution of nutrients were studied in fluvo-aquic soil, so as to provide a basis for rational fertilization and scientific fertilization of farmland in the North China Plain. 【Method】 Taking no fertilization (CK) as a control, three treatments with equal nitrogen rate (N 180-225 kg·hm^-2) was conducted since 1986, including chemical fertilizer (F), organic manure (M), and combination of organic manure with chemical fertilizer (MF). Soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium of and its spatial distribution were analyzed for every 20 cm depth of soil till 200 cm. 【Result】 After 31 years of continuous fertilization, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium all decreased with the increase of soil depth. As to the equal nitrogen application, the organic matter content under F, M and MF in 0-40 cm was 14.2, 25.6 and 18.2 g·kg^-1, respectively. Compared with F, the organic matter under M and MF were increased by 80.3% and 28.2%, respectively. The total nitrogen content under F, M and MF in 0-40 cm was 0.93, 1.67, and 1.21 g·kg^-1, respectively. M and MF increased total nitrogen by 79.6% and 30.1%, respectively, compared with F. The alkali hydrolysable nitrogen content under F, M and MF in 0-40 cm was 80.2, 120.7, and 83.3 mg·kg^-1, respectively. And compared with F, the growth ratio of alkali hydrolysable nitrogen for M and MF was 50.5% and 3.9%, respectively. The 0-200 cm nitrate nitrogen content of F (21.1 mg·kg^-1) was 3.4 times and 1.8 times as much as that of M (6.2 mg·kg^-1) and MF (11.9 mg·kg^-1), respectively. The available phosphorus of 0-60 cm for M (134.3 mg·kg^-1) and MF (60.5 mg·kg^-1) was 7.2 times and 3.3 times than that of F (18.6 mg·kg^-1), respectively. The available K content under F, M and MF in 0-40 cm was 90, 163, and 89 mg·kg^-1, respectively. Compared with chemical fertilizer, the pH of 0-200 cm soil of long-term application of cattle manure or combination of organic manure with chemical fertilizer showed no significant difference.【Conclusion】 Long-term application of chemical fertilizer had high risk of nitrate leaching, and the content of nitrate nitrogen in the 0-200 cm soil layer was 21.1 mg·kg^-1 under the F treatment, which increased the risk of nitrate nitrogen leaching. Long-term application of organic manure had high risk phosphorus leaching. Although the soil phosphorus concentration was mainly above 60 cm, the available phosphorus content of the 20-40 cm soil was as high as 115 mg·kg^-1and 70 mg·kg^-1 under M and MF treatment, leading to the high potential leaching risks. Combination of organic manure with chemical fertilizer could ensure high yield, and reduce the risk of environmental pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus.

Key words: fluvo-aquic soil, fertilization regimes, soil profile, soil nutrient

温延臣,李海燕,袁亮,徐久凯,马荣辉,林治安,赵秉强. 长期定位施肥对潮土剖面养分分布的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(21): 4460-4469.

WEN YanChen,LI HaiYan,YUAN Liang,XU JiuKai,MA RongHui,LIN ZhiAn,ZHAO BingQiang. Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Nutrient Distribution of Fluvo-Aquic Soil Profile[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(21): 4460-4469.

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