中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (7): 1424-1438.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.009
彭碧琳1,2,李妹娟1,胡香玉1,钟旭华1(),唐湘如2,刘彦卓1,梁开明1,潘俊峰1,黄农荣1,傅友强1,胡锐1
收稿日期:
2020-07-10
接受日期:
2020-08-31
出版日期:
2021-04-01
发布日期:
2021-04-22
通讯作者:
钟旭华
作者简介:
彭碧琳,E-mail: 基金资助:
PENG BiLin1,2,LI MeiJuan1,HU XiangYu1,ZHONG XuHua1(),TANG XiangRu2,LIU YanZhuo1,LIANG KaiMing1,PAN JunFeng1,HUANG NongRong1,FU YouQiang1,HU Rui1
Received:
2020-07-10
Accepted:
2020-08-31
Online:
2021-04-01
Published:
2021-04-22
Contact:
XuHua ZHONG
摘要: 【目的】针对当前我国水稻种植中面临劳动力短缺、用工成本高、肥料利用率低等突出问题,探索在保障水稻高产高效的前提下更为简化的“一基一追”轻简施氮模式,减少施肥次数,提高种稻效率,为水稻轻简化栽培提供理论依据。【方法】 以常规籼稻五山丝苗为试验材料,采用随机区组设计。2018年晚季设置不施氮(N0)、三控施肥(TC)、三控减氮(RTC)和3个轻简施氮(SNM1、SNM2、SNM3)6个处理,2019年早季设置N0、TC、农民习惯施肥(FP)和3个轻简施氮(SNM2、SNM4、SNM5)6个处理,研究不同氮肥管理对华南双季稻产量及其构成、物质生产、氮肥利用效率以及稻米品质的影响。【结果】2018年晚季,SNM2处理与TC处理的产量无显著差异,但二者均显著高于RTC、SNM1和SNM3处理;2019年早季,SNM2、SNM4和SNM5处理的产量与TC处理无显著差异,但比FP处理增产7.36%—7.51%,主要是由于每穗粒数增加。SNM2处理的有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重与TC处理无显著差异(2019年早季千粒重除外),但2个处理的产量构成不同,SNM2处理的单位面积颖花数多,主要通过扩大库容量保持高产。2018年晚季,SNM2处理的氮肥吸收利用率(RE)、氮肥农学利用率(AE)、氮肥生理利用率(PE)和氮素收获指数(NHI)与TC处理相比无显著差异,但氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)显著增加;SNM1和SNM3处理的RE、AE和PFPN显著低于SNM2处理。2019年早季,3个轻简施氮处理的5项氮肥利用率指标均与TC处理无显著差异,4个轻简处理的RE、AE和PFPN显著高于FP处理。SNM2、SNM4、SNM5和TC处理的单位面积颖花数、总生物量和总吸氮量均高于FP处理。2018晚季,SNM2处理的垩白粒率较TC处理显著降低,其他指标与FP和TC处理无明显变化。【结论】 采用“一基一追”的轻简氮肥管理SNM2处理,在减少氮肥10%、减少2次施肥的情况下,其水稻产量和氮肥吸收利用率与TC处理无显著差异,但显著高于FP处理,外观品质有所改善,碾磨品质和蒸煮食味品质没有明显变化。因此,在劳动力紧缺问题突出的情况下,采用轻简氮肥管理技术,既可以节约劳动力成本,又可实现水稻的高产和氮肥高效利用,该研究结果对水稻轻简化栽培具有指导意义,具有良好的应用前景。
彭碧琳,李妹娟,胡香玉,钟旭华,唐湘如,刘彦卓,梁开明,潘俊峰,黄农荣,傅友强,胡锐. 轻简氮肥管理对华南双季稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(7): 1424-1438.
PENG BiLin,LI MeiJuan,HU XiangYu,ZHONG XuHua,TANG XiangRu,LIU YanZhuo,LIANG KaiMing,PAN JunFeng,HUANG NongRong,FU YouQiang,HU Rui. Effects of Simplified Nitrogen Managements on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Double-Cropping Rice in South China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(7): 1424-1438.
表1
2018年和2019年田间气象数据"
年份/季节 Year/Season | 生育阶段 Growth stage | 降雨量 Rainfall (mm) | 平均日最高温 Average daily highest temperature (℃) | 平均日最低温 Average daily lowest temperature (℃) | 辐射量 Radiation (MJ·m-2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018晚季 Late season of 2018 | 移栽-穗分化始期 Transplanting-Panicle initiation | 292.8 | 32.2 | 24.8 | 173 |
穗分化始期-抽穗期 Panicle initiation-Heading | 55.8 | 31.2 | 21.9 | 203 | |
抽穗-成熟期 Heading-Maturity | 136.8 | 25.6 | 17.7 | 126 | |
2019早季 Early season of 2019 | 移栽-穗分化始期 Transplanting-Panicle initiation | 754.0 | 26.8 | 20.9 | 114 |
穗分化始期-抽穗期 Panicle initiation-Heading | 383.8 | 30.5 | 24.5 | 139 | |
抽穗-成熟期 Heading-Maturity | 358.2 | 33.3 | 25.8 | 191 |
表2
试验处理设计"
年份/季节 Year/ Season | 处理 Treatment | 缩写 Abbreviation | 总施 氮量 Total N input (kg·hm-2) | 氮肥运筹比例Nitrogen fertilizer operation ratios (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
基肥 Basal | 回青肥 Recovering | 促蘖肥 Early tillering | 保蘖肥 Mid- tillering | 长粗肥 Late tillering | 叶龄余数3.5 Remaining leaf age 3.5 | 叶龄余数2.5 Remaining leaf age 2.5 | 叶龄余数1.5 Remaining leaf age 1.5 | 抽穗期 Heading stage | ||||
2018晚季 Late season of 2018 | 不施氮 No nitrogen application | N0 | 0 | |||||||||
三控 Three controls | TC | 180 | 40 | 20 | 30 | 10 | ||||||
三控减氮 Three controls with reduced nitrogen input | RTC | 162 | 40 | 20 | 30 | 10 | ||||||
轻简1 Simplified nitrogen management 1 | SNM1 | 162 | 40 | 60 | ||||||||
轻简2 Simplified nitrogen management 2 | SNM2 | 162 | 40 | 60 | ||||||||
轻简3 Simplified nitrogen management 3 | SNM3 | 162 | 40 | 60 | ||||||||
2019早季 Early season of 2019 | 不施氮 No nitrogen application | N0 | 0 | |||||||||
农民习惯 Farmers’ practice | FP | 180 | 30 | 20 | 30 | 20 | ||||||
三控 Three controls | TC | 150 | 40 | 20 | 30 | 10 | ||||||
轻简2 Simplified nitrogen management 2 | SNM2 | 135 | 40 | 60 | ||||||||
轻简4 Simplified nitrogen management 4 | SNM4 | 150 | 40 | 60 | ||||||||
轻简5 Simplified nitrogen management 5 | SNM5 | 135 | 50 | 50 |
Table 3
Grain yield and its components under the different nitrogen managements"
年份/季节 Year/Season | 处理 Treatment | 产量 Grain yield (t·hm-2) | 有效穗数 Panicle number (×104 hm-2) | 每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle | 结实率 Seed setting rate (%) | 千粒重 1000-grain weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018晚季 Late season of 2018 | N0 | 4.45±0.09c | 203.7±4.2d | 147.6±9.8ab | 75.45±1.97c | 22.98±0.17bc |
TC | 8.10±0.18a | 306.8±14.9a | 153.7±2.4a | 81.15±1.63ab | 23.25±0.06b | |
RTC | 7.39±0.12b | 271.4±4.0b | 153.6±2.5a | 81.93±0.80a | 22.90±0.25bc | |
SNM1 | 7.36±0.14b | 304.7±7.7a | 136.7±5.5b | 78.03±0.90bc | 22.60±0.16c | |
SNM2 | 7.92±0.23a | 309.4+4.0a | 156.1±5.0a | 80.43±0.35ab | 22.93±0.24bc | |
SNM3 | 7.25±0.15b | 238.0±4.5c | 154.3±3.5a | 80.83±0.48ab | 23.93±0.29a | |
F值(F value) | 74.28** | 29.57** | 2.43ns | 4.52* | 8.22** | |
2019早季 Early season of 2019 | N0 | 4.79±0.11c | 170.8±8.4b | 168.1±3.4c | 86.09±1.34a | 21.33±0.14bc |
FP | 6.79±0.27b | 226.0±5.7a | 168.4±3.7c | 85.79±0.61a | 21.86±0.09a | |
TC | 7.46±0.05a | 246.4±14.2a | 178.8±2.1ab | 88.35±1.32a | 21.76±0.08a | |
SNM2 | 7.29±0.20ab | 226.6±7.0a | 184.0±3.3ab | 87.38±0.56a | 21.44±0.10bc | |
SNM4 | 7.30±0.13ab | 241.7±3.1a | 177.7±1.1b | 87.94±0.46a | 21.27±0.08c | |
SNM5 | 7.30±0.14ab | 229.7±10.7a | 186.9±4.3a | 88.21±0.69a | 21.58±0.07ab | |
F值(F value) | 33.61** | 11.09** | 6.99** | 1.60ns | 5.48** |
表4
不同氮肥管理下水稻叶片SPAD值和群体透光率"
年份/季节 Year/Season | 处理 Treatment | SPAD值SPAD value | 透光率Canopy light transmittance (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
分蘖中期MT | 穗分化始期PI | 抽穗期HD | 穗分化始期PI | 抽穗期HD | 成熟期MA | |||
2018晚季 Late season of 2018 | N0 | 36.88±0.23b | 35.58±0.63c | 35.93±0.4c | 56.93±4.17a | 34.08±1.29a | — | |
TC | 41.03±0.27a | 38.43±0.92b | 39.98±0.21b | 30.18±2.13bc | 12.18±0.70c | — | ||
RTC | 41.13±0.55a | 38.40±0.44b | 38.70±0.91b | 32.53±2.19bc | 12.98±0.51bc | — | ||
SNM1 | 41.10±0.37a | 41.11±0.48a | 38.28±0.89b | 26.53±1.59c | 10.65±1.10c | — | ||
SNM2 | 40.73±0.27a | 36.58±0.46c | 42.38±0.32a | 35.85±1.68b | 12.00±0.65c | — | ||
SNM3 | 40.98±0.23a | 37.23±0.5bc | 39.98±0.31b | 34.83±2.65b | 15.68±0.98b | — | ||
F值(F value) | 26.27** | 9.98** | 15.27** | 23.99** | 123.74** | — | ||
2019早季 Early season of 2019 | N0 | 39.80±0.39c | 34.91±0.51c | 37.88±0.36b | 55.05±1.35a | 30.68±3.29a | 17.92±0.79a | |
FP | 41.49±0.41a | 40.85±0.89a | 38.66±1.04b | 25.06±1.33c | 10.88±2.14b | 7.54±0.77b | ||
TC | 41.32±0.13ab | 38.97±1.19ab | 41.84±0.43a | 34.66±2.17b | 9.99±1.06b | 7.63±0.59b | ||
SNM2 | 40.76±0.38abc | 37.92±0.43b | 42.60±0.65a | 38.82±2.44b | 6.99±0.59b | 7.46±0.49b | ||
SNM4 | 40.23±0.62bc | 38.97±0.39ab | 42.51±0.66a | 41.53±3.54b | 6.33±0.69b | 6.55±0.54b | ||
SNM5 | 40.67±0.36abc | 37.08±1.25bc | 42.00±0.19a | 37.48±1.86b | 10.56±1.67b | 7.94±0.76b | ||
F值(F value) | 2.76ns | 4.89** | 13.63** | 17.46** | 25.33** | 50.65** |
表5
不同氮肥管理下水稻源库特征"
年份/季节 Year/Season | 处理 Treatment | 叶面积指数Leaf area index | 单位面积颖花数 Number of spikelets per unit area (×106 hm-2) | 粒叶比 Grain-leaf ratio (cm-2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
分蘖中期 MT | 穗分化始期 PI | 抽穗期 HD | ||||
2018晚季 Late season of 2018 | N0 | 0.33±0.02b | 1.34±0.03d | 1.57±0.05d | 300.6±2.08e | 1.94±0.21a |
TC | 0.65±0.04a | 2.79±0.17b | 4.66±0.16a | 471.2±2.05a | 1.02±0.08bc | |
RTC | 0.61±0.02a | 2.43±0.15c | 4.07±0.05b | 417.0±1.15bc | 1.03±0.03bc | |
SNM1 | 0.64±0.04a | 3.13±0.10a | 4.64±0.25a | 415.3±0.72bc | 0.90±0.08c | |
SNM2 | 0.62±0.11a | 2.35±0.05c | 3.97±0.18b | 482.3±1.06a | 1.23±0.04b | |
SNM3 | 0.65±0.09a | 2.30±0.04c | 3.40±0.14c | 366.8±0.50d | 1.09±0.06bc | |
F值(F value) | 3.33* | 34.29** | 51.55** | 25.13** | 14.38** | |
2019早季 Early season of 2019 | N0 | 0.33±0.03b | 1.39±0.09d | 2.10±0.12b | 288.0±1.95c | 1.37±0.03a |
FP | 0.37±0.01ab | 2.87±0.11a | 4.22±0.47a | 381.3±1.75b | 0.93±0.07c | |
TC | 0.38±0.03ab | 2.39±0.09b | 3.86±0.11a | 439.8±2.19a | 1.15±0.08b | |
SNM2 | 0.38±0.02ab | 2.08±0.07c | 4.53±0.38a | 416.4±0.86ab | 0.94±0.08c | |
SNM4 | 0.38±0.02ab | 2.05±0.04c | 4.34±0.13a | 429.3±0.30a | 1.00±0.03bc | |
SNM5 | 0.44±0.05a | 2.18±0.08bc | 3.78±0.19a | 428.2±1.48a | 1.14±0.06b | |
F值(F value) | 1.24ns | 28.47** | 8.77** | 15.85** | 6.86** |
表6
不同氮肥管理下水稻的氮素利用效率"
年份/季节 Year/Season | 处理 Treatment | 氮肥吸收利用率 RE (%) | 氮肥农学利用率 AE (kg·kg-1) | 氮肥生理利用率 PE (kg·kg-1) | 氮肥偏生产力 PFPN (kg·kg-1) | 氮素收获指数 NHI (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018晚季 Late season of 2018 | TC | 38.63±3.11a | 20.29±0.97ab | 53.23±3.48b | 45.01±0.97b | 72.55±0.67ab |
RTC | 31.46±2.27b | 18.16±0.72bc | 58.49±4.29ab | 45.62±0.72b | 73.76±0.76a | |
SNM1 | 26.49±1.33b | 17.95±0.87bc | 67.98±2.97a | 45.40±0.87b | 70.28±0.46b | |
SNM2 | 43.48±2.44a | 21.41±1.42a | 49.93±5.07b | 48.87±1.42a | 72.78±1.58ab | |
SNM3 | 28.16±1.17b | 17.31±0.93c | 62.05±5.24ab | 44.77±0.93b | 73.33±0.13a | |
F值(F value) | 9.95** | 3.49* | 2.63ns | 3.22ns | 2.22ns | |
2019早季 Early season of 2019 | FP | 20.62±4.56b | 11.95±1.52b | 67.12±14.06a | 38.34±1.52b | 68.78±2.30a |
TC | 33.98±4.74a | 18.19±0.30a | 56.93±8.41a | 49.85±0.30a | 68.47±1.63a | |
SNM2 | 32.32±4.76a | 17.52±1.48a | 56.68±6.55a | 52.71±1.48a | 69.37±0.75a | |
SNM4 | 33.65±0.72a | 17.73±0.90a | 52.88±3.64a | 49.40±0.89a | 71.38±1.78a | |
SNM5 | 27.04±3.97ab | 17.89±1.02a | 70.76±11.76a | 53.08±1.02a | 70.79±1.28a | |
F值(F value) | 2.47ns | 4.48* | 0.62ns | 23.17** | 0.56ns |
表7
不同阶段植株吸氮量与氮肥利用效率指标的相关性分析"
生长期Growth stage | 氮肥吸收利用率RE | 氮肥农学利用率AE | 氮肥偏生产力PFPN |
---|---|---|---|
移栽-穗分化始期 (Transplanting-Panicle initiation) | -0.195 | -0.019 | -0.474** |
穗分化始期-抽穗期 (Panicle initiation-Heading) | 0.309* | 0.364* | 0.540** |
抽穗-成熟期 (Heading-Maturity) | 0.490** | -0.073 | -0.039 |
总吸氮量 Total nitrogen accumulation | 0.930** | 0.404** | 0.210 |
表8
不同氮肥管理下水稻稻米品质"
年份/季节 Year/Season | 处理 Treatment | 碾磨品质 Milling quality | 蒸煮食味品质 Cooking & eating | 外观品质Apparent quality | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
糙米率 Brown rice rate (%) | 精米率 Milled rice rate (%) | 整精米率 Head rice rate (%) | 直连淀粉含量 Amylose content (%) | 胶稠度 Gel consistency (mm) | 垩白粒率 Chalky grain rate (%) | 垩白度 Chalkiness (%) | 粒长 Grain length (mm) | 长/宽 length / width | ||||
2018晚季 Late season of 2018 | TC | 81.75±0.12a | 73.60±0.31a | 68.48±0.73a | 16.75±0.28a | 61.00±1.47a | 10.00±2.04a | 1.30±0.30a | 6.58±0.02bc | 3.30±0.00a | ||
SNM1 | 81.35±0.17a | 73.03±0.12a | 66.68±0.54a | 17.03±0.14a | 60.50±1.94a | 5.00±0.71c | 0.68±0.11b | 6.55±0.03c | 3.30±0.00a | |||
SNM2 | 81.50±0.38a | 73.23±0.46a | 67.43±1.03a | 16.83±0.13a | 59.50±1.19a | 6.25±1.6bc | 0.53±0.13b | 6.65±0.03b | 3.30±0.00a | |||
SNM3 | 81.60±0.12a | 72.95±0.18a | 67.58±0.41a | 16.93±0.18a | 58.25±1.31a | 7.50±0.96b | 0.63±0.10b | 6.78±0.02a | 3.33±0.03a | |||
F值(F value) | 0.55ns | 0.93ns | 0.99ns | 0.33ns | 0.62ns | 8.39** | 5.73* | 16.33** | 1.00ns | |||
2019早季 Early season of 2019 | FP | 80.93±0.84a | 71.43±0.71a | 60.40±0.35a | 15.67±0.15a | 77.33±1.33a | 8.67±1.67a | 1.17±0.37a | 6.27±0.03a | 3.20±0.00a | ||
TC | 81.03±0.61a | 71.70±0.31a | 63.70±0.85a | 15.57±0.03a | 78.00±0.58a | 5.33±0.67a | 0.57±0.09a | 6.27±0.03a | 3.20±0.00a | |||
SNM2 | 80.27±0.35a | 71.17±0.45a | 62.97±2.14a | 15.63±0.12a | 76.00±2.00a | 4.00±1.15a | 0.57±0.15a | 6.30±0.00a | 3.20±0.00a | |||
SNM4 | 80.77±0.13a | 71.80±0.21a | 63.10±0.81a | 15.40±0.10a | 75.33±0.88a | 6.33±1.45a | 0.93±0.24a | 6.33±0.03a | 3.20±0.00a | |||
SNM5 | 80.57±0.29a | 71.70±0.25a | 62.20±1.39a | 15.20±0.26a | 75.33±1.33a | 5.00±0.58a | 0.77±0.09a | 6.27±0.03a | 3.17±0.03a | |||
F值(F value) | 0.32ns | 1.00ns | 0.30ns | 1.40ns | 0.68ns | 2.67ns | 2.53ns | 2.29ns | 1.00ns |
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