轻简氮肥管理对华南双季稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.009

中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (7): 1424-1438.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.009

轻简氮肥管理对华南双季稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

彭碧琳^1,²,李妹娟¹,胡香玉¹,钟旭华¹(),唐湘如²,刘彦卓¹,梁开明¹,潘俊峰¹,黄农荣¹,傅友强¹,胡锐¹

¹广东省农业科学院水稻研究所/广东省水稻育种新技术重点实验室,广州 510640
²华南农业大学农学院,广州 510642

收稿日期:2020-07-10 接受日期:2020-08-31 出版日期:2021-04-01 发布日期:2021-04-22
通讯作者: 钟旭华
作者简介:彭碧琳,E-mail： pengbilin2015@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200300);广东省现代农业产业技术体系水稻创新团队(2020KJ105);广州市科技计划项目(201806010094);广东省农业科学院特色学科团队建设(201617TD);广东省科技计划项目(2019A050505006);国家引进国外智力成果示范推广基地外专发号([2017]29)

Effects of Simplified Nitrogen Managements on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Double-Cropping Rice in South China

PENG BiLin^1,²,LI MeiJuan¹,HU XiangYu¹,ZHONG XuHua¹(),TANG XiangRu²,LIU YanZhuo¹,LIANG KaiMing¹,PAN JunFeng¹,HUANG NongRong¹,FU YouQiang¹,HU Rui¹

¹Rice Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology for Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640
²College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642

Received:2020-07-10 Accepted:2020-08-31 Online:2021-04-01 Published:2021-04-22
Contact: XuHua ZHONG

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】针对当前我国水稻种植中面临劳动力短缺、用工成本高、肥料利用率低等突出问题,探索在保障水稻高产高效的前提下更为简化的“一基一追”轻简施氮模式,减少施肥次数,提高种稻效率,为水稻轻简化栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以常规籼稻五山丝苗为试验材料,采用随机区组设计。2018年晚季设置不施氮（N0）、三控施肥（TC）、三控减氮（RTC）和3个轻简施氮（SNM1、SNM2、SNM3）6个处理,2019年早季设置N0、TC、农民习惯施肥（FP）和3个轻简施氮（SNM2、SNM4、SNM5）6个处理,研究不同氮肥管理对华南双季稻产量及其构成、物质生产、氮肥利用效率以及稻米品质的影响。【结果】2018年晚季,SNM2处理与TC处理的产量无显著差异,但二者均显著高于RTC、SNM1和SNM3处理;2019年早季,SNM2、SNM4和SNM5处理的产量与TC处理无显著差异,但比FP处理增产7.36%—7.51%,主要是由于每穗粒数增加。SNM2处理的有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重与TC处理无显著差异（2019年早季千粒重除外）,但2个处理的产量构成不同,SNM2处理的单位面积颖花数多,主要通过扩大库容量保持高产。2018年晚季,SNM2处理的氮肥吸收利用率（RE）、氮肥农学利用率（AE）、氮肥生理利用率（PE）和氮素收获指数（NHI）与TC处理相比无显著差异,但氮肥偏生产力（PFP_N）显著增加;SNM1和SNM3处理的RE、AE和PFP_N显著低于SNM2处理。2019年早季,3个轻简施氮处理的5项氮肥利用率指标均与TC处理无显著差异,4个轻简处理的RE、AE和PFP_N显著高于FP处理。SNM2、SNM4、SNM5和TC处理的单位面积颖花数、总生物量和总吸氮量均高于FP处理。2018晚季,SNM2处理的垩白粒率较TC处理显著降低,其他指标与FP和TC处理无明显变化。【结论】采用“一基一追”的轻简氮肥管理SNM2处理,在减少氮肥10%、减少2次施肥的情况下,其水稻产量和氮肥吸收利用率与TC处理无显著差异,但显著高于FP处理,外观品质有所改善,碾磨品质和蒸煮食味品质没有明显变化。因此,在劳动力紧缺问题突出的情况下,采用轻简氮肥管理技术,既可以节约劳动力成本,又可实现水稻的高产和氮肥高效利用,该研究结果对水稻轻简化栽培具有指导意义,具有良好的应用前景。

关键词: 华南双季稻, 轻简氮肥管理, 产量, 氮肥利用率, 物质生产

Abstract:

【Objective】 Simplified nitrogen managements (SNMs) are labor saving methods and could make more profits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. In view of labor shortage, high labor cost and low fertilizer utilization in rice cultivation of China, the aim of this study was to explore a simplified and efficient application of nitrogen featured by “one basal-dressing and one top-dressing”, so that the amount and frequency of nitrogen application could be reduced, and the profit of rice planting could be improved. 【Method】In order to study the effects of SNMs on the grain yield, dry matter production, nitrogen use efficiency, and grain quality of double-cropping rice in South China, the field experiment was conducted by a conventional indica rice variety of Wu-Shan-Si-Miao, which was designed by a completely randomized block with four replicates. In 2018, 6 treatments were established, i.e. no nitrogen (N0), three-control fertilization (TC), TC with nitrogen reduction (RTC), and 3 simplified nitrogen managements (SNM1, SNM2, and SNM3). In 2019, 6 treatments were also established, i.e. no nitrogen (N0), three-control fertilization (TC), famers’ fertilizer practice (FP), and 3 simplified nitrogen managements (SNM2, SNM4, and SNM5). 【Result】 In the later growing season of 2018, the grain yield of SNM2 was not significantly different from that of TC, but the yields of both treatments were significantly higher than those of RTC, SNM1, and SNM3. In 2019, the grain yields of SNM2, SNM4 and SNM5 were also not significantly different from that of TC. However, compared with FP, the yields of those treatments were increased by 7.36%-7.51%, which was mainly due to the spikelet number per panicle was improved in 2019. And the panicle numbers, spikelet number per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1000-grain weight of SNM2 were not significantly different from TC (except for 1000-grain weight in 2019) for both seasons. In 2018, the nitrogen recovery rate (RE), agronomy use efficiency (AE), physiological use efficiency (PE), nitrogen harvest index (NHI) of SNM2 were all not significantly differed from that of TC, while the partial factor production (PFP_N) of SNM2 was significantly higher than that of TC, and the RE, AE, and PFP_N of the SNM1 and SNM3 were obviously lower than that of SNM2. In 2019, the 5 nitrogen utilization indexes (RE, AE, PE, NHI and PFP_N) of the 3 SNMs were not significantly different with those of TC, but the RE, AE and PFP_N of those treatments were all significantly higher than that of FP. The number of spikelets per unit area, biomass, and nitrogen uptake of the SNMs were all higher than those of FP. In addition, the chalky rice rate of SNM2 was significantly lower than that of TC, but other grain quality of SNMs was not significantly different from that of FP and TC in 2018. 【Conclusion】 The grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of SNM2, which had 10% less nitrogen application and with only basal application and one topdressing in nitrogen management, was similar with TC. However, SNM2 had significantly higher grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency than FP. Additionally, the appearance quality of SNM2 was significantly improved, while the milling quality, cooking and eating quality were not significantly changed. Thus, it could be widely adopted in rice production in South China for its simplified cultivation.

Key words: double-cropping rice in South China, simplified nitrogen managements, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, dry matter production

彭碧琳,李妹娟,胡香玉,钟旭华,唐湘如,刘彦卓,梁开明,潘俊峰,黄农荣,傅友强,胡锐. 轻简氮肥管理对华南双季稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(7): 1424-1438.

PENG BiLin,LI MeiJuan,HU XiangYu,ZHONG XuHua,TANG XiangRu,LIU YanZhuo,LIANG KaiMing,PAN JunFeng,HUANG NongRong,FU YouQiang,HU Rui. Effects of Simplified Nitrogen Managements on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Double-Cropping Rice in South China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(7): 1424-1438.

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年份/季节 Year/Season	生育阶段 Growth stage	降雨量 Rainfall (mm)	平均日最高温 Average daily highest temperature (℃)	平均日最低温 Average daily lowest temperature (℃)	辐射量 Radiation (MJ·m^-2)
2018晚季 Late season of 2018	移栽-穗分化始期 Transplanting-Panicle initiation	292.8	32.2	24.8	173
	穗分化始期-抽穗期 Panicle initiation-Heading	55.8	31.2	21.9	203
	抽穗-成熟期 Heading-Maturity	136.8	25.6	17.7	126
2019早季 Early season of 2019	移栽-穗分化始期 Transplanting-Panicle initiation	754.0	26.8	20.9	114
	穗分化始期-抽穗期 Panicle initiation-Heading	383.8	30.5	24.5	139
	抽穗-成熟期 Heading-Maturity	358.2	33.3	25.8	191

年份/季节 Year/Season	处理 Treatment	产量 Grain yield (t·hm^-2)	有效穗数 Panicle number (×10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
2018晚季 Late season of 2018	N0	4.45±0.09c	203.7±4.2d	147.6±9.8ab	75.45±1.97c	22.98±0.17bc
	TC	8.10±0.18a	306.8±14.9a	153.7±2.4a	81.15±1.63ab	23.25±0.06b
	RTC	7.39±0.12b	271.4±4.0b	153.6±2.5a	81.93±0.80a	22.90±0.25bc
	SNM1	7.36±0.14b	304.7±7.7a	136.7±5.5b	78.03±0.90bc	22.60±0.16c
	SNM2	7.92±0.23a	309.4+4.0a	156.1±5.0a	80.43±0.35ab	22.93±0.24bc
	SNM3	7.25±0.15b	238.0±4.5c	154.3±3.5a	80.83±0.48ab	23.93±0.29a
F值（F value）		74.28**	29.57**	2.43ns	4.52*	8.22**
2019早季 Early season of 2019	N0	4.79±0.11c	170.8±8.4b	168.1±3.4c	86.09±1.34a	21.33±0.14bc
	FP	6.79±0.27b	226.0±5.7a	168.4±3.7c	85.79±0.61a	21.86±0.09a
	TC	7.46±0.05a	246.4±14.2a	178.8±2.1ab	88.35±1.32a	21.76±0.08a
	SNM2	7.29±0.20ab	226.6±7.0a	184.0±3.3ab	87.38±0.56a	21.44±0.10bc
	SNM4	7.30±0.13ab	241.7±3.1a	177.7±1.1b	87.94±0.46a	21.27±0.08c
	SNM5	7.30±0.14ab	229.7±10.7a	186.9±4.3a	88.21±0.69a	21.58±0.07ab
F值（F value）		33.61**	11.09**	6.99**	1.60ns	5.48**

年份/季节 Year/Season	处理 Treatment	SPAD值SPAD value			透光率Canopy light transmittance (%)
年份/季节 Year/Season	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期MT	穗分化始期PI	抽穗期HD	穗分化始期PI	抽穗期HD	成熟期MA
2018晚季 Late season of 2018	N0	36.88±0.23b	35.58±0.63c	35.93±0.4c	56.93±4.17a	34.08±1.29a	—
	TC	41.03±0.27a	38.43±0.92b	39.98±0.21b	30.18±2.13bc	12.18±0.70c	—
	RTC	41.13±0.55a	38.40±0.44b	38.70±0.91b	32.53±2.19bc	12.98±0.51bc	—
	SNM1	41.10±0.37a	41.11±0.48a	38.28±0.89b	26.53±1.59c	10.65±1.10c	—
	SNM2	40.73±0.27a	36.58±0.46c	42.38±0.32a	35.85±1.68b	12.00±0.65c	—
	SNM3	40.98±0.23a	37.23±0.5bc	39.98±0.31b	34.83±2.65b	15.68±0.98b	—
F值（F value）		26.27**	9.98**	15.27**	23.99**	123.74**	—
2019早季 Early season of 2019	N0	39.80±0.39c	34.91±0.51c	37.88±0.36b	55.05±1.35a	30.68±3.29a	17.92±0.79a
	FP	41.49±0.41a	40.85±0.89a	38.66±1.04b	25.06±1.33c	10.88±2.14b	7.54±0.77b
	TC	41.32±0.13ab	38.97±1.19ab	41.84±0.43a	34.66±2.17b	9.99±1.06b	7.63±0.59b
	SNM2	40.76±0.38abc	37.92±0.43b	42.60±0.65a	38.82±2.44b	6.99±0.59b	7.46±0.49b
	SNM4	40.23±0.62bc	38.97±0.39ab	42.51±0.66a	41.53±3.54b	6.33±0.69b	6.55±0.54b
	SNM5	40.67±0.36abc	37.08±1.25bc	42.00±0.19a	37.48±1.86b	10.56±1.67b	7.94±0.76b
F值（F value）		2.76ns	4.89**	13.63**	17.46**	25.33**	50.65**

年份/季节 Year/Season	处理 Treatment	叶面积指数Leaf area index			单位面积颖花数 Number of spikelets per unit area (×10⁶ hm^-2)	粒叶比 Grain-leaf ratio (cm^-2)
年份/季节 Year/Season	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期 MT	穗分化始期 PI	抽穗期 HD	单位面积颖花数 Number of spikelets per unit area (×10⁶ hm^-2)	粒叶比 Grain-leaf ratio (cm^-2)
2018晚季 Late season of 2018	N0	0.33±0.02b	1.34±0.03d	1.57±0.05d	300.6±2.08e	1.94±0.21a
	TC	0.65±0.04a	2.79±0.17b	4.66±0.16a	471.2±2.05a	1.02±0.08bc
	RTC	0.61±0.02a	2.43±0.15c	4.07±0.05b	417.0±1.15bc	1.03±0.03bc
	SNM1	0.64±0.04a	3.13±0.10a	4.64±0.25a	415.3±0.72bc	0.90±0.08c
	SNM2	0.62±0.11a	2.35±0.05c	3.97±0.18b	482.3±1.06a	1.23±0.04b
	SNM3	0.65±0.09a	2.30±0.04c	3.40±0.14c	366.8±0.50d	1.09±0.06bc
F值（F value）		3.33*	34.29**	51.55**	25.13**	14.38**
2019早季 Early season of 2019	N0	0.33±0.03b	1.39±0.09d	2.10±0.12b	288.0±1.95c	1.37±0.03a
	FP	0.37±0.01ab	2.87±0.11a	4.22±0.47a	381.3±1.75b	0.93±0.07c
	TC	0.38±0.03ab	2.39±0.09b	3.86±0.11a	439.8±2.19a	1.15±0.08b
	SNM2	0.38±0.02ab	2.08±0.07c	4.53±0.38a	416.4±0.86ab	0.94±0.08c
	SNM4	0.38±0.02ab	2.05±0.04c	4.34±0.13a	429.3±0.30a	1.00±0.03bc
	SNM5	0.44±0.05a	2.18±0.08bc	3.78±0.19a	428.2±1.48a	1.14±0.06b
F值（F value）		1.24ns	28.47**	8.77**	15.85**	6.86**

年份/季节 Year/Season	处理 Treatment	氮肥吸收利用率 RE (%)	氮肥农学利用率 AE (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥生理利用率 PE (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥偏生产力 PFP_N(kg·kg^-1)	氮素收获指数 NHI (%)
2018晚季 Late season of 2018	TC	38.63±3.11a	20.29±0.97ab	53.23±3.48b	45.01±0.97b	72.55±0.67ab
	RTC	31.46±2.27b	18.16±0.72bc	58.49±4.29ab	45.62±0.72b	73.76±0.76a
	SNM1	26.49±1.33b	17.95±0.87bc	67.98±2.97a	45.40±0.87b	70.28±0.46b
	SNM2	43.48±2.44a	21.41±1.42a	49.93±5.07b	48.87±1.42a	72.78±1.58ab
	SNM3	28.16±1.17b	17.31±0.93c	62.05±5.24ab	44.77±0.93b	73.33±0.13a
F值（F value）		9.95**	3.49*	2.63ns	3.22ns	2.22ns
2019早季 Early season of 2019	FP	20.62±4.56b	11.95±1.52b	67.12±14.06a	38.34±1.52b	68.78±2.30a
	TC	33.98±4.74a	18.19±0.30a	56.93±8.41a	49.85±0.30a	68.47±1.63a
	SNM2	32.32±4.76a	17.52±1.48a	56.68±6.55a	52.71±1.48a	69.37±0.75a
	SNM4	33.65±0.72a	17.73±0.90a	52.88±3.64a	49.40±0.89a	71.38±1.78a
	SNM5	27.04±3.97ab	17.89±1.02a	70.76±11.76a	53.08±1.02a	70.79±1.28a
F值（F value）		2.47ns	4.48*	0.62ns	23.17**	0.56ns

轻简氮肥管理对华南双季稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

Effects of Simplified Nitrogen Managements on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Double-Cropping Rice in South China

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年份/季节 Year/ Season	处理 Treatment	缩写 Abbreviation	总施氮量 Total N input (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥运筹比例Nitrogen fertilizer operation ratios (%)
年份/季节 Year/ Season	处理 Treatment	缩写 Abbreviation	总施氮量 Total N input (kg·hm^-2)	基肥 Basal	回青肥 Recovering	促蘖肥 Early tillering	保蘖肥 Mid- tillering	长粗肥 Late tillering	叶龄余数3.5 Remaining leaf age 3.5	叶龄余数2.5 Remaining leaf age 2.5	叶龄余数1.5 Remaining leaf age 1.5	抽穗期 Heading stage
2018晚季 Late season of 2018	不施氮 No nitrogen application	N0	0
	三控 Three controls	TC	180	40			20			30		10
	三控减氮 Three controls with reduced nitrogen input	RTC	162	40			20			30		10
	轻简1 Simplified nitrogen management 1	SNM1	162	40					60
	轻简2 Simplified nitrogen management 2	SNM2	162	40						60
	轻简3 Simplified nitrogen management 3	SNM3	162	40							60
2019早季 Early season of 2019	不施氮 No nitrogen application	N0	0
	农民习惯 Farmers’ practice	FP	180	30	20	30		20
	三控 Three controls	TC	150	40			20			30		10
	轻简2 Simplified nitrogen management 2	SNM2	135	40						60
	轻简4 Simplified nitrogen management 4	SNM4	150	40						60
	轻简5 Simplified nitrogen management 5	SNM5	135	50						50

生长期Growth stage	氮肥吸收利用率RE	氮肥农学利用率AE	氮肥偏生产力PFP_N
移栽-穗分化始期 (Transplanting-Panicle initiation)	-0.195	-0.019	-0.474**
穗分化始期-抽穗期 (Panicle initiation-Heading)	0.309*	0.364*	0.540**
抽穗-成熟期 (Heading-Maturity)	0.490**	-0.073	-0.039
总吸氮量 Total nitrogen accumulation	0.930**	0.404**	0.210

年份/季节 Year/Season	处理 Treatment	碾磨品质 Milling quality				蒸煮食味品质 Cooking & eating			外观品质Apparent quality
年份/季节 Year/Season	处理 Treatment	糙米率 Brown rice rate (%)	精米率 Milled rice rate (%)	整精米率 Head rice rate (%)		直连淀粉含量 Amylose content (%)	胶稠度 Gel consistency (mm)		垩白粒率 Chalky grain rate (%)	垩白度 Chalkiness (%)	粒长 Grain length (mm)	长/宽 length / width
2018晚季 Late season of 2018	TC	81.75±0.12a	73.60±0.31a	68.48±0.73a	16.75±0.28a		61.00±1.47a	10.00±2.04a		1.30±0.30a	6.58±0.02bc	3.30±0.00a
	SNM1	81.35±0.17a	73.03±0.12a	66.68±0.54a	17.03±0.14a		60.50±1.94a	5.00±0.71c		0.68±0.11b	6.55±0.03c	3.30±0.00a
	SNM2	81.50±0.38a	73.23±0.46a	67.43±1.03a	16.83±0.13a		59.50±1.19a	6.25±1.6bc		0.53±0.13b	6.65±0.03b	3.30±0.00a
	SNM3	81.60±0.12a	72.95±0.18a	67.58±0.41a	16.93±0.18a		58.25±1.31a	7.50±0.96b		0.63±0.10b	6.78±0.02a	3.33±0.03a
F值（F value）		0.55ns	0.93ns	0.99ns	0.33ns		0.62ns	8.39**		5.73*	16.33**	1.00ns
2019早季 Early season of 2019	FP	80.93±0.84a	71.43±0.71a	60.40±0.35a	15.67±0.15a		77.33±1.33a	8.67±1.67a		1.17±0.37a	6.27±0.03a	3.20±0.00a
	TC	81.03±0.61a	71.70±0.31a	63.70±0.85a	15.57±0.03a		78.00±0.58a	5.33±0.67a		0.57±0.09a	6.27±0.03a	3.20±0.00a
	SNM2	80.27±0.35a	71.17±0.45a	62.97±2.14a	15.63±0.12a		76.00±2.00a	4.00±1.15a		0.57±0.15a	6.30±0.00a	3.20±0.00a
	SNM4	80.77±0.13a	71.80±0.21a	63.10±0.81a	15.40±0.10a		75.33±0.88a	6.33±1.45a		0.93±0.24a	6.33±0.03a	3.20±0.00a
	SNM5	80.57±0.29a	71.70±0.25a	62.20±1.39a	15.20±0.26a		75.33±1.33a	5.00±0.58a		0.77±0.09a	6.27±0.03a	3.17±0.03a
F值（F value）		0.32ns	1.00ns	0.30ns	1.40ns		0.68ns	2.67ns		2.53ns	2.29ns	1.00ns

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