冀西北寒旱区农田作物轮作产量效应评价

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.07.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】促进水温土等资源匮乏的冀西北寒旱区作物生产对水分、养分的合理与均衡利用,保护农田生态环境。【方法】采用交叉式种植方法,在草甸栗钙土和砂质栗土农田,分别设计了包括5个主栽作物的全部组合的轮作与连作田区试验,年际间进行重复,研究区域主栽作物轮作倒茬的产量效果。【结果】在草甸栗钙土农田,与连作相比,不同前茬马铃薯、甜菜、莜麦的产量分别提高了58%—94%、28%—53%和16%—70%;蚕豆与连作相比,除甜菜茬减产外,其他茬口较连作增产4%—43%;马铃薯、蚕豆茬玉米较连作分别增产12%、5%,甜菜、莜麦茬玉米产量仅为连作的81%、93%。在砂质栗钙土农田,不同前茬马铃薯、甜菜的产量分别较连作提高了5%—36%、13%—36%;甜菜茬谷子表现减产,其他茬口的谷子较连作提高了5%—30%;谷子茬莜麦减产,其他茬口莜麦较连作提高了9%—15%;马铃薯、莜麦茬亚麻较连作增产5%、8%,谷子、甜菜茬亚麻产量为连作的94%、99%。【结论】草甸栗钙土田马铃薯→莜麦、马铃薯→甜菜呈现互利轮作,玉米茬马铃薯、莜麦茬甜菜、蚕豆茬甜菜、玉米茬甜菜和蚕豆茬马铃薯表现偏利轮作;砂质栗钙土田莜麦茬马铃薯、马铃薯茬甜菜2种方式表现偏利轮作,可资生产应用。

关键词: 冀西北寒旱区, 轮作倒茬, 产量, 效果评价

Abstract:

【Objective】The study was carried out to promote the rational and balanced utilization of water and nutrients in crop production in cold and arid areas of Northwest Hebei province, where water, temperature and soil resources were scarce, and to protect the farmland ecological environment. 【Method】A field experiment of rotation and continuous cropping with five main crop combinations was designed in the meadow chestnut soil and sandy chestnut soil farmland by using the cross planting method. The yield effect of rotation of main crop in the region was studied by repeating the experiment between years. 【Result】Compared with continuous cropping, the yield of potato, beet and oat under rotation conditions in meadow chestnut soil farmland increased by 58%-94%, 28%-53% and 16%-70%, respectively; The yield of faba bean increased by 4%-43% rotated with other crops except for beet; The yield of potato and faba bean stubble forage maize increased by 12% and 5%, respectively, compared with continuous cropping, and the yield of beet and oat stubble forage maize was only 81% and 93% of that of continuous cropping, respectively. In sandy chestnut soil farmland, the yield of potatoes and beets in different Preceding crop fields increased by 5%-36%, 13%-36%, respectively, compared with continuous cropping; The yield of beet stubble forage millet decreased, and it increased by 5%-30% rotating with other crops compared with continuous cropping; The yield of forage millet stubble oats decreased, while that of other stubbles increased by 9%-15% compared with continuous cropping. The yield of potato and oat stubble flax was 5% and 8% higher than that of continuous cropping, respectively, and the yield of forage millet and beet stubble flax was only 94% and 99% of continuous cropping, respectively. 【Conclusion】The rotation of potato and oat, potato and beet in meadow chestnut soil was mutually beneficial, forage maize stubble potato, oat stubble beet, faba bean stubble beet, forage maize stubble beet and faba bean stubble potato showed commensalism rotation. In sandy chestnut soil field, oats stubble potato, potato stubble beet showed commensalism rotation, and this could be applied in production.

Key words: cold and arid of northwestern Hebei province, crop rotation, yield, effect evaluation

杜玉琼,张立峰,姚兆磊,张继宗,刘玉华. 冀西北寒旱区农田作物轮作产量效应评价[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(7): 1205-1214.

DU YuQiong,ZHANG LiFeng,YAO ZhaoLei,ZHANG JiZong,LIU YuHua. Evaluation of Crop Rotation Yield Effect in Cold and Arid Regions of Northwest Hebei Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(7): 1205-1214.

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土壤类型 Soil type	作物 Crops	施肥量 Fertilizing amount (kg·hm^-2)		播种和收获期Sowing and harvesting date (M-D)
		施肥量 Fertilizing amount (kg·hm^-2)		2016		2017		2018
		N	P	播种 Sowing	收获 Harvesting	播种 Sowing	收获 Harvesting	播种 Sowing	收获 Harvesting
草甸栗钙土 Meadow chestnut soil	马铃薯Potato	213.74	55.94	05-02	08-25	04-25	09-16	04-28	09-12
	蚕豆Faba bean	208.12	46.91	05-04	08-24	05-19	08-26	05-15	09-09
	玉米Forage maize	321.97	46.91	05-22	08-26	05-19	09-11	05-15	09-15
	莜麦Oat	242.91	25.67	05-21	09-03	05-25	09-08	05-23	09-01
	甜菜Beet	267.88	70.16	05-25	10-01	05-27	10-01	05-29	10-03
砂质栗钙土 Sandy chestnut soil	马铃薯Potato	161.05	42.19	05-01	08-27	04-25	09-15	04-26	09-11
	亚麻Flax	64.31	18.95	05-22	08-28	05-20	09-01	05-23	08-28
	谷子Forage millet	257.35	37.44	05-29	09-22	05-10	09-12	05-18	09-14
	莜麦Oat	244.54	40.24	05-21	09-07	05-25	09-07	05-23	08-31
	甜菜Beet	213.80	55.98	05-24	09-30	05-27	10-02	04-26	09-11

试验小区 Experimental plot	草甸栗钙土田Meadow chestnut soil field				砂质栗钙土田Sandy chestnut soil field
试验小区 Experimental plot	2015	2016	2017	2018	2015	2016	2017	2018
1	B	P	B	P	B	P	B	P
2	O	P	O	P	O	P	O	P
3	FM	P	FM	P	M	P	M	P
4	FB	P	FB	P	F	P	F	P
5	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
6	B	FB	B	FB	B	F	B	F
7	O	FB	O	FB	O	F	O	F
8	FM	FB	FM	FB	M	F	M	F
9	FB	FB	FB	FB	F	F	F	F
10	P	FB	P	FB	P	F	P	F
11	B	FM	B	FM	B	M	B	M
12	O	FM	O	FM	O	M	O	M
13	FM	FM	FM	FM	M	M	M	M
14	FB	FM	FB	FM	F	M	F	M
15	P	FM	P	FM	P	M	P	M
16	B	O	B	O	B	O	B	O
17	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O
18	FM	O	FM	O	M	O	M	O
19	FB	O	FB	O	F	O	F	O
20	P	O	P	O	P	O	P	O
21	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B
22	O	B	O	B	O	B	O	B
23	FM	B	FM	B	M	B	M	B
24	FB	B	FB	B	F	B	F	B
25	P	B	P	B	P	B	P	B

后茬作物 Succeeding crop	前茬作物Previous crop
后茬作物 Succeeding crop	马铃薯Potato	蚕豆Faba bean	玉米Forage maize	莜麦Oat	甜菜Beet
马铃薯Potato	2852.34±739.97aA	4511.95±992.87bAB	5071.08±1399.53bB	5532.83±1174.21bB	4541.19±1356.91bAB
蚕豆Faba bean	1741.89±465.88abA	1583.96±191.93abA	2259.55±1029.6bA	1647.64±190.78abA	1338.10±420.28aA
玉米Forage maize	17042.13±3180.76aA	15943.61±1593.10aA	15221.82±2753.93aA	14228.26±3259.53aA	12400.59±4496.71aA
莜麦Oat	2615.22±536.36bB	2250.27±351.03abAB	2200.68±445.65abAB	1541.59±409.38aA	1788.30±662.93aAB
甜菜Beet	11007.97±1535.99cB	10076.49±789.28cB	10107.38±1316.53cB	9181.86±386.43bB	7187.91±1205.40aA

后茬作物 Succeeding crop	前茬作物Previous crop
后茬作物 Succeeding crop	马铃薯Potato	亚麻Flax	谷子Forage millet	莜麦Oat	甜菜Beet
马铃薯Potato	3112.98±590.53aA	4010.72±930.10abAB	3773.71±550.18abAB	4318.84±725.18bB	3970.45±280.77abAB
亚麻Flax	1289.42±138.85aA	1225.87±158.33aA	1157.65±169.49aA	1325.84±207.95aA	1211.34±79.68aA
谷子Forage millet	7746.90±2732.56aA	7186.10±2696.62aA	5947.81±1165.48aA	6225.64±1257.66aA	5930.60±1796.59aA
莜麦Oat	2001.59±766.46aA	1890.33±677.62aA	1639.54±461.51aA	1734.93±732.97aA	1978.40±522.85aA
甜菜Beet	8666.19±2134.00 bA	7825.86±457.90abA	7214.63±981.98abA	7700.16±1252.81abA	6367.97±1655.00aA

作物 Crop	马铃薯茬 Stubble of potato			蚕豆茬 Stubble of faba bean			玉米茬 Stubble of forage maize			莜麦茬 Stubble of oat			甜菜茬 Stubble of beet
作物 Crop	比值 Ratio	效应 Effect	类型 Type	比值 Ratio	效应 Effect	类型 Type	比值 Ratio	效应 Effect	类型 Type	比值 Ratio	效应 Effect	类型 Type	比值 Ratio	效应 Effect	类型 Type
马铃薯 Potato	1.00	CK		1.58	+	偏利Commensalism	1.78	+	偏利Commensalism	1.94	+	偏利Commensalism	1.59	+	偏利Commensalism
蚕豆 Faba bean	1.10	+	偏利Commensalism	1.00	CK		1.43	+	偏利Commensalism	1.04	+	偏利Commensalism	0.84	-	偏害Amensalism
玉米 Forage maize	1.12	+	偏利Commensalism	1.05	+	偏利Commensalism	1.00	CK		0.93	-	偏害Amensalism	0.81	-	偏害Amensalism
莜麦 Oat	1.70	+	偏利Commensalism	1.46	+	偏利Commensalism	1.43	+	偏利Commensalism	1.00	CK		1.16	+	偏利Commensalism
甜菜 Beet	1.53	+	偏利Commensalism	1.40	+	偏利Commensalism	1.41	+	偏利Commensalism	1.28	+	偏利Commensalism	1.00	CK