底肥分层条施对冬小麦旗叶衰老和光合特性、籽粒产量和肥料利用率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.05.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对黄淮海地区冬小麦生产中肥料撒施或埋深过浅导致肥料利用率低的问题,探索水浇地麦田底肥施用方式对冬小麦籽粒产量和肥料利用率的影响,以期为该地区冬小麦高产和肥料的高效利用提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】于2016—2018年冬小麦生长季,在水浇地大田条件下,设置5 种肥料施用方式：全生育期不施肥（T1）;底肥单层条施于地表下8、16 和24 cm土层深处（T2、T3 和 T4）;底肥按1﹕2﹕3 分为3份,分别条施于地表下8、16 和24 cm 土层深处（T5）。研究不同施肥方式对冬小麦旗叶衰老和光合特性、籽粒产量和肥料利用率的影响。【结果】随着底肥条施深度的增加,冬小麦花后旗叶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、可溶性蛋白含量、最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）和实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）均提高,气孔导度（G s）增大,净光合速率（P n）提高,丙二醛（MDA）含量降低。底肥分层条施处理（T5）与底肥24 cm单层条施处理（T4）相比,开花后旗叶衰老、荧光和光合特性差异不明显,但籽粒产量和肥料农学效率显著提高,增幅分别为5.4%—6.5%和26.8%—72.9%,这与其在较高成穗数条件下仍保持较高的穗粒数和千粒重有关。【结论】水浇地麦田,底肥按1﹕2﹕3的比例分层条施可以在获得较高成穗数的基础上,延缓冬小麦旗叶衰老、改善旗叶光合能力,增加穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量,促进肥料高效利用。

关键词: 冬小麦, 分层施肥, 旗叶衰老特性, 旗叶光合特性, 籽粒产量, 肥料利用率

Abstract:

【Objective】Aiming at the problem of low fertilizer utilization rate caused by broadcast fertilization or shallow fertilization in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China, this paper provided a basis for improving fertilization technology of high yield and high efficiency of winter wheat in irrigated field of this area.【Method】A 2-year irrigated field experiment was carried out from 2016 to 2018 in winter wheat growth season. Five treatments were set up: No fertilization during the whole growth period (T1); Basal fertilizer was applied in stripes in 8 cm depth (T2), 16 cm (T3) and 24 cm (T4); Basal fertilizer was divided into three parts with the proportion of 1﹕2﹕3 and applied in stripes of 8, 16 and 24 cm depths of soil, respectively (T5). The effects of different fertilization methods on flag leaf senescence characteristics and photosynthetic characteristics, fertilizer use rate and grain yield of winter wheat were studied.【Result】With the increase of fertilization depth, the results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, soluble protein content, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ in the light (ΦPSⅡ) all increased, stomatal conductance enlarged, net photosynthetic rate were increased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was reduced after winter wheat flowering. There was no significant difference in senescence and photosynthetic rate characteristics between T4 treatment and T5 treatment, but the grain yield and agronomy efficiency of fertilizer under T5 treatment were significantly increased by 5.4%-6.5% and 26.8%-72.9%. This was the fact that it maintained a high number of kernels and grain weight under the conditions of higher panicle number. 【Conclusion】 On the basis of obtaining a higher number of panicles, layered and in proportion basal fertilization treatment (T5) could delay senescence of flag leaves and increase the photosynthetic capacity of the flag leaves after flowering in irrigated field, thus increase grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield, and beneficial to the high fertilization high-efficient utilization.

Key words: winter wheat, separated-layer fertilization, flag leaf senescence characteristic, flag leaf photosynthetic characteristic, grain yield, fertilizer use efficiency

闫恒辉,温樱,王东. 底肥分层条施对冬小麦旗叶衰老和光合特性、籽粒产量和肥料利用率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(5): 813-821.

YAN HengHui,WEN Ying,WANG Dong. Effects of Basal Fertilization in Strips at Different Soil Depths on Flag Leaf Senescence and Photosynthetic Characteristics, Grain Yield and Fertilizer Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(5): 813-821.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatments	穗数 Number of spikes (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	肥料农学效率 Agronomy efficiency of fertilizer (kg·kg^-1)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)
2016—2017	T1	772.3b	26.2c	45.8a	—	7843d
	T2	829.1a	26.1c	43.3b	0.75d	8197c
	T3	810.3ab	27.5b	43.6b	0.92c	8277c
	T4	775.2b	30.2a	45.0a	1.62b	8609b
	T5	816.4 ab	31.6a	44.9a	2.80a	9169a
2017—2018	T1	560.2d	28.6c	44.8b	—	6171d
	T2	661.4a	27.1b	42.0ab	1.96d	7102c
	T3	631.3b	29.5b	43.1ab	2.43c	7322c
	T4	592.5c	33.1b	44.2ab	3.29b	7730b
	T5	625.1b	35.3a	45.1a	4.17a	8149a