缓释尿素配施普通尿素对双季稻养分的供应特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.20.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】缓释尿素作为轻简施肥及减量施肥的新型肥料产品,其养分释放特性与作物养分需求规律的匹配度是作物高产的保证。论文主要探讨缓释尿素与普通尿素配合一次施用对整个生育期内水稻养分吸收特征的影响,为新型肥料产品的研发提供理论指导和技术支撑。【方法】采用早稻及晚稻的田间试验,设置6个施肥处理：（1）不施氮（CK）;（2）100%缓释尿素（100% SRU）;（3）75%缓释尿素+25%普通尿素（75% SRU+25%CU）;（4）50%缓释尿素+50%普通尿素（50% SRU+50%CU）;（5）25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素（25% SRU+75%CU）;（6）100%普通尿素（100% CU）。氮肥用量为150 kg N·hm^-2,磷、钾肥的用量分别为55 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2、130 kg K₂O·hm^-2,采用过磷酸钙及氯化钾。在早稻生育期内多次采集植株样品进行氮、磷、钾分析。在灌浆期采集不同部位叶片及籽粒样品进行氮、磷、钾分析,并测定灌浆期剑叶SPAD值的变化,在水稻采收后测算产量和产量构成。【结果】75%缓释尿素+25%普通尿素的处理早稻和晚稻的产量均最高,100%缓释尿素、50%缓释尿素+50%普通尿素以及25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素3个处理间在早、晚稻产量上均无显著性差异,但在不同程度上均优于100%普通尿素的处理。相对于100%普通尿素处理,添加缓释尿素的处理水稻有效穗数和穗粒数占相对优势,特别是在早稻上更为明显。在整个生育期内,100%缓释尿素处理水稻植株地上部干物重及氮累积量高于其他处理,并随着普通尿素添加比例的增加而递减。植株地上部（灌浆期不含籽粒）氮含量以100%缓释尿素处理最高,随着普通尿素添加比例的增加而逐渐降低。灌浆过程中籽粒、剑叶、倒二位叶及倒三位叶氮含量,以及剑叶SPAD均以100%缓释尿素处理最高,同样随着普通尿素添加比例的增加而不断降低。【结论】100%缓释尿素的处理水稻氮素供应过旺,水稻出现贪青且在晚稻上更为严重,导致产量的降低。75%缓释尿素+25%普通尿素的处理效果较好可用于水稻一次性施肥。所有添加缓释尿素的处理均不同程度的好于100%普通尿素的处理,出于成本考虑可适当下调缓释尿素的添加比例。

关键词: 水稻, 缓释尿素, 养分吸收动态, 养分累积, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】Slow release urea, as a new type of fertilizer for both single basal and decreasing fertilization, is the guarantee of high crop yield due to its nutrient release characteristics corresponding to crop nutrient requirements. This study explored the effect of co-application of slow-release urea and common urea on nutrient absorption in whole growth period of rice which could provide theoretical support and technical guidance for new fertilizer development. 【Method】Field experiments in early and late rice were set up with six different treatments described as below: No N fertilization (CK), 100% slow-release urea (100%SRU), 75% of slow-release urea and 25% of common urea (75%SRU+25%CU), 50% of slow-release urea and 50% of common urea (50%SRU+50%CU), 25% of slow-release urea and 75% of common urea (25%SRU+75%CU), 100% of common urea (100% CU). The nitrogen treatments were fertilized with 150 kg N·hm^-2, and all the experimental fields were fertilized with 55 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 and 130 kg K₂O·hm^-2, which were supplied by calcium superphosphate and potassium chloride. Rice plant samples of early rice were collected to analyze N, P and K concentrations during growth period. Leaves of different positions and grains of early rice were collected during filling stage to analyze N, P and K concentrations, and SPAD values were also measured at the same stage. The yield and yield components were also recorded after the early and late rice harvest. 【Result】Results showed that the highest yields of the early and late rice were both occurred under the 75%SRU+25%CU treatment, and there were no significant differences between 100% SRU, 50%SRU+50%CU and 25%SRU+75%CU treatments in early and late rice, and all better than 100%CU treatment in some extent. Compared with the 100%CU treatment, the advantages of combined application of the slow-release urea treatments were that the rice had higher effective panicles and number of grains per ear, especially in early rice. Throughout the growth period, the dry matter weight and N accumulation of shoot in 100% SRU treatment were significantly higher than those of the other treatments, and were decreased with the increase of the proportion of the common urea. The concentration of N in shoot treated with 100% SRU was also significantly higher than those of the other treatments, and was also decreased with the increase of the proportion of the common urea. During the grain filling stage, the N contents of flag leaf, penultimate and third leaves, and grain, and SPAD values of flag leaf were all significantly increased by the application of 100%SRU, and were all decreased with the increase of the proportion of common urea. 【Conclusion】The 100% of SRU treatment provided excess nitrogen and made the rice appeared different degree of greedy situation, and then decreased grain yield. 75%SRU+25%CU has been proved adequate for single basal fertilization in rice production. Due to all of the slow-release urea addition treatments had the better yield than 100%CU treatment in this experiment, because of its cost, the proportion of the slow-release urea could be reduced in some degree.

Key words: rice (Oryza sativa L.), slow-release urea, nutrient uptake dynamics, nutrient accumulation, yield

张木, 唐拴虎, 黄巧义, 逄玉万, 易琼, 黄旭, 李苹, 付弘婷. 缓释尿素配施普通尿素对双季稻养分的供应特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(20): 3985-3995.

Mu ZHANG, ShuanHu TANG, QiaoYi HUANG, YuWan PANG, Qiong YI, Xu HUANG, Ping LI, HongTing FU. The Nutrient Supply Characteristics of Co-Application of Slow-Release Urea and Common Urea in Double-Cropping Rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(20): 3985-3995.

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处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	有效穗数 Effective panicle	穗粒数 Grain	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	结实率 Setting rate (%)
早稻 Early rice
CK	5730.0±21.0d	9.9±0.5c	135.6±3.2c	22.4±0.3ab	91.1±0.51c
100% SRU	7177.5±328.5ab	13.7±0.3ab	213.5±9.6a	21.8±0.4b	94.0±1.0ab
75% SRU + 25% CU	7617.0±96.0a	15.0±1.0a	210.9±3.6a	23.1±0.5a	92.2±0.76bc
50% SRU + 50% CU	6807.0±112.5bc	14.4±0.7ab	209.4±2.8a	22.5±0.03ab	92.5±0.48bc
25% SRU + 75% CU	6441.0±310.5bcd	13.3±0.9ab	195.2±3.8ab	22.6±0.3ab	92.8±1.0bc
100% CU	6276.0±301.5cd	12.4±0.6b	186.4±13.0b	23.0±0.3a	95.7±1.0a
晚稻 Late rice
CK	5809.5±61.5b	12.3±0.3b	178.8±7.2b	20.4±0.1a	89.3±0.4a
100% SRU	6262.5±508.5ab	14.0±0.6ab	192.4±6.0b	19.1±0.5b	88.4±1.6a
75% SRU + 25% CU	7062.0±469.5a	15.2±0.6a	209.9±2.4a	19.4±0.1b	87.3±0.7a
50% SRU + 50% CU	6504.0±240.0ab	13.7±0.3ab	182.0±0.6b	19.5±0.2b	86.9±1.0a
25% SRU + 75% CU	6397.5±637.5ab	15.0±0.2a	179.5±1.3b	19.2±0.3b	88.3±0.9a
100% CU	6454.5±48.0ab	13.6±1.1ab	185.4±5.5b	19.6±0.1b	87.6±0.3a