深松（耕）方式对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.13.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究深松（耕）方式对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响，筛选砂姜黑土区适宜的土壤耕作制度，为构建砂姜黑土合理耕层提供依据。【方法】试验设置5个冬小麦-夏玉米周年耕作处理，分别为秋季旋耕+夏季免耕（ART+SNT，对照）、秋季深松+夏季免耕（ASS+SNT）、秋季深耕+夏季免耕（ADMP+SNT）、秋季深耕+夏季下位深松（ADMP+SSSS）和秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松（ADMP+SSSL）。研究深松（耕）方式对冬小麦-夏玉米土壤物理特性、根系形态、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】深松（耕）显著降低了土壤紧实度和土壤三相比R值，促进了冬小麦和夏玉米根系生长，提高了作物产量和水分利用效率，且深耕的效应大于深松，在冬小麦季深松（耕）的影响大于夏玉米季。与秋季旋耕+夏季免耕相比，秋季深松（耕）土壤紧实度降低20.9%，土壤三相比R值降低12.9%，作物根系干重密度增加29.8%，冬小麦、夏玉米及周年总产分别增加22.0%、8.8%和15.2%，冬小麦季、夏玉米季及周年水分利用效率分别增加18.2%、7.9%和14.0%，经济效益增加19.8%。秋季深耕+夏季深松对土壤耕层特性的改良效果优于单一秋季深松（耕），其作物根系生长、产量和水分利用效率均高于单一秋季深松（耕）。与单一秋季深松（耕）相比，秋季深耕+夏季深松土壤紧实度和土壤三相比R值降低5.6%和15.0%，作物增产4.4%，水分利用效率和经济效益增加4.0%和3.3%。5个处理中，以秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松对土壤耕层特性的改良效果最好，作物根系生长量、产量和水分利用效率最高。秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松土壤紧实度和土壤三相比R值比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕分别降低28.4%和26.6%，夏玉米根长、根系表面积、根系体积和根系干重密度分别增加67.0%、45.3%、23.1%和49.5%。秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松冬小麦、夏玉米和周年作物产量比秋季深耕+夏季免耕分别增加5.5%、3.4%和4.4%，比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕分别增加27.8%、11.6%和19.4%；冬小麦季、夏玉米季及周年水分利用效率比秋季深耕+夏季免耕分别增加3.7%、3.5%和4.1%，比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕分别增加20.9%、10.7%和18.1%；经济效益比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕增加24.4%。【结论】秋季深耕+夏季深松的作物产量和水分利用效率均高于单一秋季深松（耕）。在5个不同的深松（耕）方式处理中，秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松的产量和水分利用效率最高，是砂姜黑土区适宜的深松（耕）方式。

关键词: 耕作方式, 土壤三相比R值, 产量, 水分利用效率, 经济效益

Abstract: 【Objective】 The object of the study was to study the effects of subsoiling pattern on topsoil features, crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE), and to identify the suitable tillage system in lime concretion black soil. The results could provide basis for the construction of suitable topsoil of lime concretion black soil. 【Method】 Five treatments, namely, rotary tillage in autumn (ART+SNT, CK), subsoiling in autumn (ASS+SNT), deep mouldboard ploughing in autumn (ADMP+SNT), deep mouldboard ploughing in autumn and sublevel subsoiling in summer (ADMP+SSSS), and deep mouldboard ploughing in autumn and lateral subsoiling in summer (ADMP+SSSL), were carried out to investigate the time and pattern of deep tillage on soil physical property, root growth, crop yield and WUE of winter wheat , summer maize rotation system. 【Result】 Deep tillage significantly reduced soil compaction and soil three-phase R values, promoted roots growth of winter wheat and summer maize, thus increased crop yield and WUE, and the effects of DMP were higher than that of ASS, the effects in winter wheat growth period were bigger than that in summer maize growth period. Compared with ART, the soil penetration resistance of ADMP+SSSS decreased by 20.9%, soil three-phase R value decreased by 12.9%, root dry weight density increased by 29.8%, wheat yield increase by 22.0%, maize yield increased by 8.8%, and total yield of winter wheat and summer maize increased by 15.2%. The WUE during winter wheat growth period, summer maize growth period and whole year increased by 18.2%, 7.9% and 14.0%, respectively, and economic benefits increased by 19.8%. The improvement effects of ADMP+SSS treatment on soil properties were better than that of single deep tillage in autumn. The root growth, yield and WUE of ADMP+SSS were all higher than that of single deep tillage in autumn. Compared with deep tillage in autumn, the soil penetration resistance and soil three-phase R values of ADMP+SSS decreased by 5.6% and 15.0%, respectively. The crop yield and WUE of ADMP+ASS increased by 4.0% and 4.2%, respectively, and economic benefits increased by 3.3%. Among the five treatments, the improvement effect on soil character of ADMP+SSSL treatment was best, and the root growth, crop yield and WUE were highest. The soil penetration resistance and soil three-phase R values of ADMP+SSSL were 28.4% and 26.6%, respectively, higher than that of ART. The root length, root surface area, root volume and root dry weight density of ADMP+SSSL were 67.0%, 45.3%, 23.1% and 49.5%, respectively, higher than that of ART. The yields of winter wheat, summer maize and total yield of ADMP+SSSL were 5.5%, 3.4% and 4.4%, respectively, higher than that of ADMP +SNT; 27.8%, 11.6% and 19.4%, respectively, higher than that of ART. The WUE during winter wheat growth period, summer maize growth period and whole year of ADMP+SSSL were 3.7%, 3.5% and 4.1%, respectively, higher than that of ADMP +SNT; 20.9%, 10.7% and 18.1%, respectively, higher than that of ART. Economic benefit of ADMP+SSSL was 24.4% higher than that of ART.【Conclusion】The crop yield and WUE of ADMP+SSS treatment were higher than that of deep tillage in autumn. Among the five treatments of different deep tillage time and pattern, the crop yield and the WUE of ADMP+SSSL were highest. Thus, the deep mouldboard ploughing in autumn combined with lateral subsoiling in summer was the suitable pattern of deep tillage in lime concretion black soil.

Key words: tillage pattern, soil three-phase R value, yield, water use efficiency, economic benefit

赵亚丽，刘卫玲，程思贤，周亚男，周金龙，王秀玲，张谋彪，王群，李潮海. 深松（耕）方式对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(13): 2489-2503.

ZHAO YaLi, LIU WeiLing, CHENG SiXian, ZHOU YaNan, ZHOU JinLong, WANG XiuLing, ZHANG MouBiao, WANG Qun, LI ChaoHai . Effects of Pattern of Deep Tillage on Topsoil Features, Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Lime Concretion Black Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(13): 2489-2503.

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