关键词: 冬小麦, 施肥特征, 分析评价, 化肥消耗系数, 山东省

Abstract: 【Objective】Entering the 21st century, the contradiction of population, resources and environment is becoming more and more prominent, and Chinese agriculture is facing a serious challenge in many aspects. Shandong province is a typical intensive agricultural area of high investment and high output in northern China. The agricultural development in Shandong province has set a template for other provinces. The research and analysis of the fertilization status in this province can play a certain role of predictive and early warning in the management of crop fertilization in the whole country. This study analyzed the fertilization status of winter wheat in Shandong province, aiming to provide scientific basis for the macro management of winter wheat fertilization, which has practical and wide significance.【Method】The fertilization status and characteristics of wheat were clarified by using investigation analysis and statistics analysis based on the data and statistics of Soil Testing Formula Applying Fertilizer Project in Shandong province. Then the optimal fertilization model was established and the fertilization parameters of wheat were identified with MATLAB modeling and analysis.【Result】In 2015, fertilizer expend coefficient (Fec) of winter wheat in Shandong Province declined 5.71% compared to 2010. The average fertilizer amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in winter wheat was higher than the national average. The proportion of phosphate fertilizer was excessive and the proportion of potassium fertilizer was inadequate. The multi-element fertilizer ratio of basal and topdressing in winter wheat was increased, while the straight fertilizer ratio was decreased. For the total provincial fertilization, nitrogen and phosphorus were declined from west to east; the western and northern plain of Shandong were the highest; the eastern hilly area of Shandong Province was the lowest; the potassium was on the contrary. The nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization were the highest in fluvo-aquic soil, followed by Shajiang black soil, cinnamon soil and brown soil; saline-alkali soil was at a lower rate; potassium fertilization was the highest in brown soil, followed by Shajiang black soil and cinnamon soil; saline-alkali soil and fluvo-aquic soil were at a lower rate. There is a mismatching situation between NPK fertilization and total N, available P, rapidly available K. It could appropriately increase the amount of nitrogen in the eastern hilly area, reduce fertilization input in the high-yield area, and increase fertilization input in low-yield area. With the target of yield, the optimal fertilization application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for winter wheat was 182.02, 82.58 and 83.22 kg·hm^-2, respectively,in Shandong province. By contrast, the nitrogen and phosphorus were overstepped 25.60 kg·hm^-2 and 37.77 kg·hm^-2, respectively. And potassium was short of 3.84 kg·hm^-2.【Conclusion】The present situation of winter wheat fertilization in Shandong province is making the benign developments. But there still exist many problems, such as the amount of fertilizer is too high and the way and proportion of fertilization are not reasonable. The results of this research have positive significance to rational fertilization, resources conservation and environmental protection of winter wheat in Shandong province.

Key words: winter wheat, fertilization characteristics, analysis and evaluation, fertilizer expend coefficient, Shandong Province