不同氮、钾肥施用量对甜瓜养分吸收、分配及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.09.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】通过研究中等肥力土壤条件下不同氮、钾肥施用量对大棚甜瓜养分吸收、分配及产量的影响，为连栋棚加地膜覆盖高产栽培条件下合理施用氮、钾肥提供理论依据。【方法】采用连栋棚加地膜覆盖栽培，试验设重氮重钾（N2K2）、重氮轻钾（N2K1）、轻氮重钾（N1K2）、轻氮轻钾（N1K1）、中氮中钾（NK）5个处理。以早熟厚皮甜瓜品种‘RX8’（TC620-8-56×TA11-1）为试验材料，在孕穗期、坐果期及成熟期测定不同器官干物质积累量及氮、磷、钾养分累积吸收量，并结合成熟期产量，分析不同氮、钾肥施用量对甜瓜养分吸收、分配及产量的影响。【结果】不同氮、钾肥施用量对甜瓜干物质积累量及氮、磷、钾养分累积吸收量的变化趋势相似，均表现为随生育期的推进而呈上升趋势，不同氮、钾肥施用量只改变不同生育时期干物质积累量及氮、磷、钾累积吸收量，并不改变其累积趋势。从干物质积累及分配特性看，伸蔓期，甜瓜以营养生长为主，NK处理根、茎、叶干物质积累量一直呈较高水平，且茎、叶干物质积累量显著高于其他处理（P＜0.05），平均分别增加17.8%、16.0%。随着果实发育，干物质积累逐渐转向果实，不同氮钾处理下果实干物质积累分配系数增加，至成熟期果实干物质积累分配系数高达0.62—0.66，NK处理果实干物质积累量及分配系数均显著高于其他处理（P＜0.05），平均分别增加31.9%、4.27%。从养分积累及分配特性看，甜瓜对钾需求量最大，氮次之，磷最少，成熟期甜瓜氮、磷、钾累积吸收量分别高达4 160.4、1 394.8、7 874.2 mg/株。NK处理氮、磷、钾累积吸收量在伸蔓期、坐果期、成熟期一直呈较高水平，与其他处理相比，NK处理氮、磷、钾累积吸收量均显著增加（P＜0.05）。NK处理坐果期、成熟期果实氮、磷、钾分配系数也一直呈较高水平，且成熟期果实氮、钾分配系数显著高于其他处理（P＜0.05），分别平均增加9.10%、9.81%。从产量及产量构成因素看，同一供氮水平下，高钾、低钾处理间甜瓜纵径、横径、果形指数、单瓜重及产量差异均未达5%显著水平；同一供钾水平下，高氮处理甜瓜纵径、横径、单瓜重及产量均高于低氮处理，平均分别增加4.81%、6.04%、19.8%及20.5%，且除纵径外，上述指标差异均达5%显著水平；从整体看，NK处理甜瓜纵径、横径、单瓜重、产量均最高，且单瓜重和产量显著高于其他处理（P＜0.05），平均分别增加21.6%和22.1%。【结论】土壤中等肥力水平及连栋棚加地膜覆盖高产栽培条件下，氮、钾施肥量分别以200 kg·hm^-2、300 kg·hm^-2较为适宜，有利于甜瓜最大限度的提高养分的吸收利用能力，促进养分吸收及营养物质向果实的分配转移，从而得到高产。

关键词: 甜瓜, 氮肥, 钾肥, 养分吸收及分配, 产量

Abstract: 【Objective】To provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers with plastic film mulching in high yield cultivation environment, the effects of different nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in the condition of the medium fertile soil on nutrient absorption, distribution and yield of muskmelon were studied.【Method】An early maturing and thick-skinned muskmelon variety ‘RX8’ (TC620-8-56×TA11-1) with plastic film mulching cultivation in greenhouse was used for our study. Five treatments (N2K2, N2K1, N1K2, N1K1 and NK) were performed to investigate the influence of different fertilizing amount of nitrogen and potassium on nutrient absorption, distribution and yield of muskmelon. The accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were measured in different organs at the vining, fruit-set and mature stages. Furthermore, we also measured the production of muskmelon at maturity. 【Result】The results indicated application of different nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in muskmelon posed a similar variation trend, and had an increasing level with the growth. Applied different amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers changed the accumulation amount of dry matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at different growth stages, but did not change the accumulation trend. From the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and distribution, the muskmelon was mainly vegetative growth at the vining stage, and the dry matter accumulation in root, stem and leaf had a high level under NK treatment in this stage. The accumulation of dry matter in stem and leaf under NK treatment increased averagely by 17.8% and 16.0% respectively, which was significantly higher than that under other treatments (P＜0.05). The accumulation of dry matter increased under different nitrogen and potassium fertilizers during fruit development stage, the distribution coefficient was about 0.62 to 0.66 at mature stage. The dry matter accumulation and its distribution coefficients in fruit increased averagely by 31.9% and 4.27% under NK treatment, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P＜0.05). As for the characteristics of the nutrient accumulation and distribution, potassium was the top demand of muskmelon, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. The uptake amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of muskmelon were 4 160.4 mg, 1 394.8 mg, 7 874.2 mg/plant at mature stage, respectively. The amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake had a relatively higher level under NK treatment than that of other treatments at the vining, fruit-set and mature stages all the time (P＜0.05). The distribution coefficients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in fruit at mature stage under NK treatment had a relative high level, of which increased by 9.10% and 9.81% respectively and was higher than other treatments in maturity fruit (P＜0.05). The yield and yield components, including the difference of the fruit vertical and transverse diameter, shape index, average weight and yield of high potassium and low potassium treatments did not reach 5% significant level under the same nitrogen level condition. The fruit vertical and transverse diameter, average weight and yield of high nitrogen-treated were higher than those of low-nitrogen treatment, with an average increase of 4.81%, 6.04%, 19.8% and 20.5% respectively under the same potassium supply. And the differences of these indexes except for vertical diameter reached a significant level of 5%. On the whole, the fruit vertical and transverse diameter, average weight and yield of muskmelon treated with NK were the highest, and average weight and yield were significantly higher than those of other treatments (P＜0.05), with an average increase of 21.6% and 22.1%, respectively.【Conclusion】This study demonstrated that the optimum fertilizing amount of nitrogen and potassium with plastic film mulching for muskmelon growth in the condition of the medium fertile soil was 200 kg·hm^-2 and 300 kg·hm^-2, respectively, which was beneficial to improve the ability of nutrient absorption and promote the absorption and distribution of the nutrient to the fruits

Key words: muskmelon, nitrogen, potassium, nutrition absorption and distribution, yield

康利允，常高正，高宁宁，李晓慧，李海伦，梁慎，徐小利，赵卫星. 不同氮、钾肥施用量对甜瓜养分吸收、分配及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(9): 1758-1770.

KANG LiYun, CHANG GaoZheng, GAO NingNing, LI XiaoHui, LI HaiLun, LIANG Shen, XU XiaoLi, ZHAO WeiXing. Effects of Different Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizing Amount on Nutrition Absorption, Nutrition Distribution and Yield of Muskmelon[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(9): 1758-1770.

0
/ / 推荐

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.09.013

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2018/V51/I9/1758

参考文献

[1] 高志红, 陈晓远, 林昌华, 张宇鹏, 何永胜. 不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44(8): 1637-1645.

Gao Z H, Chen X Y, Lin C H, Zhang Y P, He Y S. Effect of fertilizer application rates on cassava N, P, K accumulations and allocation and yield in sloping lands of North Guangdong. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(8): 1637-1645. (in Chinese)

[2] 张玉凤, 董亮, 刘兆辉, 陈广思, 李彦, 张培苹. 不同肥料用量和配比对西瓜产量、品质及养分吸收的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2010, 18(4): 765-769.

Zhang Y F, Dong L, Liu Z H, Chen G S, Li Y, Zhang P P. Effect of fertilization amount and ratio on yield, quality and nutrient absorption of watermelon. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2010, 18(4): 765-769. (in Chinese)

[3] NGUYEN H, SCHOENAU J J, VAN REES K, NGUYEN D, QIAN P. Long-term nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization of cassava influences soil chemical properties in North Vietnam. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 2001, 81(4): 481-488.

[4] 袁新民, 同延安, 杨学云, 李晓林, 张福锁. 施用磷肥对土壤NO₃-N累积的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2000, 6(4): 397-403.

YUAN X M , TONG Y A , YANG X Y , LI X L, ZHANG F S. Effect of phosphate application on soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2000, 6(4): 397-403. (in Chinese)

[5] 林洪鑫, 袁展汽, 刘仁根, 肖运萍, 黄雪花, 汪瑞清. 不同氮磷钾处理对木薯产量、养分积累、利用及经济效益的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2012, 18(6): 1457-1465.

LIN H X, YUAN Z Q, LIU R G, XIAO Y P, HUANG X H, WANG R Q. Effects of different N, P and K treatments on yield, nutrient accumulation and utilization and economic benefit of cassava. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2012, 18(6): 1457-1465. (in Chinese)

[6] RAUN W R, JOHNSON G V, WESTERMAN R L. Fertilizer nitrogen recovery in long-term continuous winter wheat. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1999, 63(4): 645-650.

[7] BYJU G, ANAND M H. Differential response of short- and long-duration cassava cultivars to applied mineral nitrogen. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2009, 172(4): 572-576.

[8] 林多, 黄丹枫. 钾素水平对基质栽培网纹甜瓜光合及品质的影响. 园艺学报, 2003, 30(2): 221-223.

LIN D, HUANG D F. Effects of potassium levels on photosynthesis and fruit quality of muskmelon in medium culture. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2003, 30(2): 221-223. (in Chinese)

[9] 胡国智, 冯炯鑫, 张炎, 吴海波, 熊韬, 李青军. 不同施氮量对甜瓜养分吸收、分配、利用及产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2013, 19(3): 760-766.

HU G Z, FENG J X, ZHANG Y, WU H B, XIONG T, LI Q J. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on nutrient uptake, assignment, utilization and yield of melon. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2013, 19(3): 760-766. (in Chinese)

[10] 赵营, 同延安, 赵护兵. 不同供氮水平对夏玉米养分累积、转运及产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12(5): 622-627.

ZHAO Y, TONG Y A, ZHAO H B. Effects of different N rates on nutrients accumulation, transformation and yield of summer maize. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2006, 12(5): 622-627. (in Chinese)

[11] 梁东丽, 吴庆强. 施钾对花生养分吸收及生长的影响. 中国油料作物学报, 1999, 21(2): 49-51.

LIANG D L, WU Q Q. Effect of potassium on nutrient uptake and growth of peanut. Chinese journal of oil crop sciences, 1999, 21(2): 49-51. (in Chinese)

[12] 周可金, 马成泽, 许承保, 李定波. 施钾对花生养分吸收、产量与效益的影响. 应用生态学报, 2003, 14(11): 1917-1920.

ZHOU K J, MA C Z, XU C B, LI D B. Effects of potash fertilizer on nutrient absorption by peanut and its yield and benefit. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2003, 14(11): 1917-1920. (in Chinese)

[13] 牛在垒. 富磷土壤条件下厚皮甜瓜氮、钾施肥效应研究[D]. 杨陵: 西北农林科技大学, 2008.

NIU Z L. Study on the effects of nitrogen and potassium on muskmelon in the soil of rich phosphorus [D]. Yangling: Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, 2008. (in Chinese)

[14] 鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析. 3版. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2000: 263-270.

BAO S D. Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis: 3rd ed. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000: 263-270. (in Chinese)

[15] 郭艳青, 朱玉玲, 刘凯, 裴书君, 赵斌, 张吉旺. 水钾互作对高产夏玉米茎秆结构和功能的影响. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27(1): 143-149.

GUO Y Q, ZHU Y L, LIU K, PEI S J, ZHAO B, ZHANG J W. Effects of water-potassium interaction on stalk structure and function of high-yield summer maize. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(1): 143-149. (in Chinese)

[16] 陈伦寿. 蔬菜营养与施肥技术. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2002: 13-14.

Chen L S. Vegetable Nutrition and Fertilization Techniques. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2002: 13-14. (in Chinese)

[17] WATTA M S, CLINTONA P W, WHITEHEADB D, RICHARDSONA B, MASONC E G, LECKIE A C. Above-ground biomass accumulation and nitrogen fixation of broom (Cytisus scoparius L.) growing with juvenile Pinus radiata on a dryland site. Forest Ecology and Management, 2003, 184(3): 93-104.

[18] 齐文增, 陈晓璐, 刘鹏, 刘惠惠, 李耕, 邵立杰, 王飞飞, 董树亭, 张吉旺, 赵斌. 超高产夏玉米干物质与氮、磷、钾养分积累与分配特点. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2013, 19(1): 26-36.

QI W Z, CHEN X L, LIU P, LIU H H, LI G, SHAO L J, WANG F F, DONG S T, ZHANG J W, ZHAO B. Characteristics of dry matter, accumulation and distribution of N, P and K of super-high-yield summer maize. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2013, 19(1): 26-36. (in Chinese)

[19] 刘涛, 褚贵新, 魏亦农, 梁永超, 李志博. 杂交棉干物质积累与养分吸收分配特点. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44(6): 1117-1124.

LIU T, CHU G X, WEI Y N, LIANG Y C, LI Z B. Characteristics of dry matter accumulation, nutrients uptake and distribution in hybrid cotton. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(6): 1117-1124. (in Chinese)

[20] 刘灵, 廖红, 王秀荣, 严小龙. 不同根构型大豆对低磷的适应性变化及其与磷效率的关系. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41(4): 1089-1099.

LIU L, LIAO H, WANG X R, YAN X L. Adaptive changes of soybean genotypes with different root architectures to low phosphorus availability as related to phosphorus efficiency. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2008, 41(4): 1089-1099. (in Chinese)

[21] AMEEN A, YANG X, CHEN F, TANG C C, DU F, FAHAD S, XIE G H. Biomass yield and nutrient uptake of energy sorghum in response to nitrogen fertilizer rate on marginal land in a semi-arid region. Bioenergy Research, 2017, 10: 363-376.

[22] BARRACLOUG R B, HAYNES J. The effect of foliar supplements of potassium nitrate and urea on the yield of winter wheat. Fertilizer Research, 1996, 44: 217-223.

[23] 梁晓艳, 郭峰, 张佳蕾, 李林, 孟静静, 李新国, 万书波. 不同密度单粒精播对花生养分吸收及分配的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2016, 24(7): 893-901.

LIANG X Y, GUO F, ZHANG J L , LI L, MENG J J, LI X G, WAN S B. Effects of single-seed sowing at different density on nutrient absorption and distribution characteristics of peanut. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2016, 24(7): 893-901. (in Chinese)

[24] 胡国智, 冯炯鑫, 张炎, 熊韬, 吴海波, 李青军. 施氮对甜瓜干物质积累、分配及产量和品质的影响. 中国土壤与肥料, 2014(1): 29-32.

HU G Z, FENG J X, ZHANG Y, XIONG T, WU H B, LI Q J. Effect of fertilizing nitrogen on muskmelon's biomass accumulation, distribution, yield and quality. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2014(1): 29-32. (in Chinese)

[25] 熊韬, 冯炯鑫, 胡国智, 马新力, 张炎, 吴海波. 施钾量对设施甜瓜生长发育及产量品质的影响. 新疆农业科学, 2013, 50(7): 1228-1234.

XIONG T, FENG J X, HU G Z, MA X L, ZHANG Y, WU H B. Effect of potassium rate on growth, yield and quality of facilities melon. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 50(7): 1228-1234. (in Chinese)

[26] 陆雪锦. 施钾对露地甜瓜养分吸收及产量品质的影响[D]. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆农业大学, 2012.

LU X J. The effects of potash on melon nutrient absorption and yield quality on open field [D]. Urumchi: Xinjiang agricultural university, 2012. (in Chinese)

[27] AULAKH M S, MALHI S S. Interactions of nitrogen with other nutrients and water: effect on crop yield and quality, nutrient use efficiency, carbon sequestration, and environmental pollution. Advances in Agronomy, 2005, 86: 341-409.

[28] 张艳丽, 李建明, 王静静, 邹志荣, 赵智明. 通风与氮钾肥对温室甜瓜生长及品质的影响. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 38(2): 117-122.

ZHANG Y L, LI J M, WANG J J, ZOU Z R, ZHAO Z M. Effects of ventilation, nitrogen and potassium on growth and quality of melon in solar greenhouse. Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forest University (Natural Science Edition), 2010, 38(2): 117-122. (in Chinese)

[29] RAKKIYAPPAN E, THANGAVELU S, BHAGYALAKSHMI K V, RADHAMANI R. Uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by some promising mid late maturing sugarcane clones. Sugar Technology, 2007, 9(1): 23-27.

[30] 杜加银, 茹美, 倪吾钟. 减氮控磷稳钾施肥对水稻产量及养分积累的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2013, 19(3): 523-533.

DU J Y, RU M, NI W Z. Effects of fertilization with reducing nitrogen, controlling phosphorus and stabilizing potassium on rice yield and nutrient accumulation. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2013, 19(3): 523-533. (in Chinese)

[31] MOLINA J L, EL-SHARKAWY M A. Increasing crop productivity in cassava by fertilizing production of planting material. Field Crops Research, 1995, 44: 151-157.

[32] DARIA B, GABRIELE M, SIMON G, SHAUL Y. Co-regulation of root hair tip growth by ROP GTPases and nitrogen source modulated pH fluctuations. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 2011, 6(3): 426-429.

[33] 汪顺义, 李欢, 刘庆, 史衍玺. 氮钾互作对甘薯根系发育及碳氮代谢酶活性的影响. 华北农学报, 2015, 30(5): 167-173.

WANG S Y, LI H, LIU Q, SHI Y X. Interactive effects of nitrogen and potassium on root growth and leaf enzyme activities of sweet potato. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2015, 30(5): 167-173. (in Chinese)

[34] 蒋卫杰, 邓杰, 余宏军. 设施园艺发展概况、存在问题与产业发展建议. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(17): 3515-3523.

JIANG W J, DENG J, YU H J. Development situation, problems and suggestions on industrial development of protected horticulture. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(17): 3515-3523. (in Chinese)

[35] 刘苹, 李彦, 江丽华, 刘兆辉, 高新昊, 林海涛, 郑福丽, 石璟. 施肥对蔬菜产量的影响——以寿光市设施蔬菜为例. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25(6): 1752-1758.

LIU P, LI Y, JIANG L H, LIU Z H, GAO X H, LIN H T, ZHENG F L, SHI J. Effects of fertilizer application on greenhouse vegetable yield: A case study of Shouguang City. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014, 25(6): 1752-1758. (in Chinese)

[36] 王敬国. 设施菜田土壤退化修复与资源高效利用. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2011: 5-8.

WANG J G. Management of Degraded Vegetable. Beijing: China agricultural university press, 2011: 5-8. (in Chinese)

[37] CHEN Q, ZHANG X S, ZHANG H Y, CHRISTIE P, LI X L, HORLACHER D, LIEBIG H P. Evaluation of current fertilizer practice and soil fertility in vegetable production in the Beijing region. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2004, 69: 51-58.

[38] 曾希柏, 白玲玉, 苏世鸣, 李莲芳. 山东寿光不同种植年限设施土壤的酸化与盐渍化. 生态学报, 2010, 30(7): 1853-1859.

ZENG X B, BAI L Y, SU S M, LI L F. Acidification and salinization in greenhouse soil of different cultivating years from Shouguang City, Shandong. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(7): 1853-1859. (in Chinese)