干旱区棉花秸秆还田和施肥对土壤氮素有效性及根系生物量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.13.020

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】本研究探讨干旱区棉田土壤氮素转化过程及对棉花根系生物量的影响，明确棉田土壤氮素有效性对农业管理措施的响应，为棉田制定高产高效管理措施，实现棉花高产优质低成本及环境友好生产服务。【方法】在定位试验条件下，采用裂区设计，以秸秆不还田（S0）与秸秆还田（S1）为主区，4种施肥处理（不施肥（F0）、施氮磷钾化肥（F1）、施有机肥（F2）、施氮磷钾化肥+有机肥（F3））为副区，分析了秸秆还田和施肥对土壤氮素有效性的影响，探讨了棉田土壤氮素转化过程，包括净矿化速率、净硝化速率、总硝化速率和反硝化速率的变化，明确了土壤有效氮含量和棉花根系生物量对秸秆还田和施肥措施的响应。【结果】（1）秸秆还田和施肥显著增加了土壤净矿化速率、总硝化速率和反硝化速率，棉花不同生育时期不同施肥处理间各指标的变化不同，但秸秆还田下施肥处理间差异不显著，在盛花期均有最大速率；（2）秸秆还田和施肥显著增加了土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和无机氮含量，但秸秆还田下施肥处理间差异不显著，棉花盛花期和盛铃期土壤无机氮含量显著高于收获期；（3）秸秆还田显著降低了棉花根冠比，对根系生物量、细根/粗根比影响不显著，施肥显著增加了根冠比、根系生物量及细根生物量，施肥处理之间差异不显著。综上所述，秸秆还田能增加土壤净矿化速率、净硝化速率、总硝化速率、反硝化速率、硝态氮、铵态氮和可吸出无机氮含量以及根系生物量。有机肥无机肥配施有最大的土壤净矿化速率、净硝化速率、总硝化速率、反硝化速率、硝态氮和可吸出无机氮含量。有机肥无机肥配施也有最大的根系生物量和粗根细根比。【结论】秸秆还田和施肥有利于促进土壤氮素转化过程，增加土壤有效氮含量，对根系生长及生物量产生影响。在干旱区实施秸秆还田，结合有机无机肥配施技术有利于加速土壤养分转化，提高肥料利用效率，增加有效养分含量，促进作物根系生长和地上部碳同化能力。

关键词: 干旱区, 棉花, 施肥, 秸秆还田, 氮素转化, 有效氮

Abstract: 【Objective】The objective of this paper was to study the cotton soil nitrogen transformation process in arid region and it’s influence on the root biomass of cotton. The availability of cotton soil nitrogen which responds to agriculture management measures was clarified which respond to agriculture management measures, made high yield and high efficiency management measures for cotton, which implement high yield, good quality and low cost, serve for environmental friendly production of cotton.【Method】The main plot treatment consisted of two stubble management measures: stubble-removed (S0) and stubble returning to soil (S1). The split-plot treatment was composed of four fertilizer treatments: no fertilization (F0), NPK fertilizer (F1), organic fertilizer (F2) and combined application of NPK fertilizer and organic fertilizer (F3). The influences of stubble returning to soil and fertilization on soil nitrogen availability were studied and the process of cotton soil nitrogen transformation, including the change of net mineralization, net nitrification, gross nitrification and denitrification was discussed and the response of soil available nitrogen content and root biomass of cotton to stubble returning to soil and fertilization was clarified. 【Result】Stubble returning to soil and fertilization increased the net mineralization, gross nitrification and denitrification of soil in cotton field significantly, each index among different fertilization treatments and at different growth stages had different variations, there was no significant difference among the three fertilizer treatments, but the maximum rate was observed at full-bloom stage. Stubble returning to soil and fertilization increased ammonium, nitrate and inorganic N significantly, but there was no significant difference among the three fertilizer treatments, the content of inorganic N at full-bloom stage and full-boll stage was higher than at harvesting stage. Stubble returning to soil decreased the root-shoot ratio significantly, had no significant effect on root biomass and fine/coarse root biomass ratio. Fertilization increased the root-shoot ratio, root biomass and fine root biomass, there was no significant difference among the three fertilizer treatments. In summary, stubble returning to soil increased soil net mineralization, net nitrification, gross nitrification, denitrification, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and absorbable inorganic nitrogen content and root biomass. Combined application of NPK fertilizer and organic fertilizer had the largest soil net mineralization, net nitrification, gross nitrification, denitrification, nitrate nitrogen and absorbable inorganic nitrogen content. Combined application of NPK fertilizer also has the largest root biomass and fine/coarse root biomass ratio.【Conclusion】Stubble returning to soil and fertilization are beneficial to promotion of soil nitrogen transformation and available nitrogen content, thus affecting cotton root growth and biomass. Adoption of stubble returning to soil and different fertilization measures in cotton field in arid areas can promote soil nitrogen availability. Implementation of stubble returning to soil in arid areas, combined with application of NPK fertilizer and chicken manure, are helpful to accelerate the transformation of soil nutrient, improve efficiency of fertilizer, increase the effective content of nutrient, and promote the root growth and carbon assimilation ability of crop aboveground part.

Key words: arid region, cotton, fertilizer, stubble returning to soil, nitrogen transformation, available nitrogen

张国娟，濮晓珍，张鹏鹏，张旺锋. 干旱区棉花秸秆还田和施肥对土壤氮素有效性及根系生物量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(13): 2624-2634.

ZHANG GuoJuan, PU XiaoZhen, ZHANG PengPeng, ZHANG WangFeng. Effects of Stubble Returning to Soil and Fertilization on Soil Nitrogen Availability and Root Biomass of Cotton in Arid Region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(13): 2624-2634.

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