不同栽培模式对夏玉米根系性能及产量和氮素利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.12.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究不同栽培模式对夏玉米根系性能、籽粒产量形成以及氮素吸收利用的影响，探明不同栽培模式下玉米根系形态特征与产量形成、氮素吸收能力的关系，为促进玉米根系生长发育、增强根系吸收性能、优化施肥量，促进玉米高产高效生产提供理论依据。【方法】在定位试验条件下，选用郑单958为试验材料，在两种地力条件下，以不施氮肥处理为对照（CK），设置超高产玉米栽培模式（SH）、高产高效栽培管理模式（HH）、农民习惯栽培管理（FP）3种栽培模式，比较分析不同栽培模式夏玉米根系特性对产量形成和氮素吸收利用的调控效应。【结果】不同栽培模式间夏玉米产量存在显著差异，与HH、FP和CK模式相比较，高地力和低地力田块SH模式的两年平均产量分别提高3.54%、17.50%、30.12%和3.16%、18.45%、27.72%，统计分析表明地力和栽培模式均对夏玉米产量有极显著影响，两种因素综合影响因年份变化有所差异。两种地力条件下，夏玉米各时期群体生物量均表现为SH＞HH＞FP＞CK。在抽雄期（VT）和完熟期（R6），SH处理的植株氮素积累总量显著高于其他处理，氮肥利用效率和氮肥农学利用效率均高于FP模式，HH模式的氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥利用效率和氮收获指数均最高，氮肥偏生产力低于FP模式，但仍高于SH模式。在不同地力基础上夏玉米不同栽培模式的根系指标变化趋势基本一致，在大喇叭口期（V12）、抽雄期（VT）、乳熟期（R3）的根系干重密度、根长密度和根表面积密度均为SH＞HH＞FP＞CK，从V12到VT期，SH和HH模式的根长密度、根干重密度和根表面积密度增幅均显著高于FP模式，从VT到R3期，降幅均显著低于FP模式，SH和HH模式VT期根系活跃吸收面积比例显著高于FP模式。不同栽培模式各时期根长密度、根表面积密度和根干重密度与产量和氮肥利用效率均呈显著正相关。【结论】高产高效栽培模式可以有效地促进根系发育、延缓根系衰老、提高氮肥利用效率，有助于实现夏玉米高产高效的目标。

关键词: 夏玉米, 栽培模式, 根系特性, 产量形成, 氮肥利用效率

Abstract: 【Objective】The objective of this study was to promote the growth of maize roots, enhance root absorption performance, and then reduce the amount of fertilizer, and then provide a theoretical basis for promoting the production of high yield and high efficiency by investigating the effects of different cultivation patterns on the root performance, grain yield formation and nitrogen uptake and utilization of summer maize, and exploring the relationship between root morphological characteristics and nitrogen uptake capacity of maize under different cultivation patterns. 【Method】Under two soil fertilities, with no nitrogen treatment as control (CK), three cultivation patterns including super high-yielding cultivation pattern (SH), high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation pattern (HH) and local farmer's practice(FP) in the long-term experiments by using ZD958 as testing varieties. The regulation of root characteristics on yield formation and nitrogen utilization in summer maize under different cultivation patterns were measured in fixed field experiment. 【Result】The yields of summer maize was significantly different among different cultivation patterns, compared with the HH, FP and CK patterns, the average yield of SH pattern in two years both in high soil fertility (HSF) and low soil fertility (LSF) were increased by 3.54%, 17.50%, 30.12% and 3.16%, 18.45%, 27.72% respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that both soil fertility and cultivation patterns had significant effects on summer maize yield, and comprehensive effect of double factors varied by years. The population biomass in high and low soil fertilities was SH > HH > FP > CK during the whole growing season. The total nitrogen accumulation in SH pattern was significantly higher than those in other patterns at the VT and R6 stages, and the N use efficiency and agronomic N use efficiency were higher than that of FP. HH pattern had the highest agronomic N use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency and nitrogen harvest index. Its nitrogen partial factor productivity was lower than FP, but still higher than the SH pattern. The results showed that summer maize root growth was greatly affected by different cultivation patterns. Root dry weight density, root length density and root surface area density were all expressed as SH > HH > FP > CK. From V12 to VT stage, increases in root length, root dry weight and root surface density of SH and HH patterns were higher than that of FP pattern, and decreases in that of FP pattern were highest from VT to R3 stage. The proportion of active absorption area of SH and HH patterns at VT stage was significantly higher than that in FP pattern. The root length density, root surface area density, root dry weight density were very significantly and positively correlated with yield and nitrogen use efficiency. 【Conclusion】HH pattern effectively promoted root development, delayed the senescence of root, improved the nitrogen use efficiency, achieved the high yield and high efficiency of summer maize.

Key words: summer maize, cultivation pattern, root characteristics, yield formation, nitrogen use efficiency

任昊，程乙，刘鹏，董树亭，赵杰，张吉旺，赵斌. 不同栽培模式对夏玉米根系性能及产量和氮素利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(12): 2270-2281.

REN Hao, CHENG Yi, LIU Peng, DONG ShuTing, ZHAO Jie, ZHANG JiWang, ZHAO Bin. Effects of Different Cultivation Patterns on Root Characteristics, Yield Formation and Nitrogen Utilization of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(12): 2270-2281.

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