小麦玉米周年生产中耕作方式对夏玉米根系特性和产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.019

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】黄淮海平原地区冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟，长期冬小麦免耕或旋耕、夏玉米免耕使耕层变浅，养分含量降低，对根系发育和产量造成影响。通过探讨冬小麦夏玉米周年生产中不同耕作模式来探寻小麦玉米周年中夏玉米高产高效生产的耕作模式及机理。【方法】供试品种选用郑单958（ZD958），3个试验处理为冬小麦播前旋耕夏玉米播前免耕（RN）、冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前免耕（MN）与冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前旋耕（MR），探究不同耕作方式对小麦玉米周年生产中夏玉米根干重、根冠比、根长、根表面积、根体积和节根数量等根系特性及产量的影响。【结果】MR与MN处理0—30 cm的根干重、根冠比、根长、根表面积、根体积、节根层数、节根条数及节根干重较RN处理差异显著，分别提高59.1%、37.5%、22.8%、41.1%、59.2%、5.9%、21.0%、50.8%和68.5%、50.0%、16.7%、33.7%、44.0%、3.9%、20.1%、57.6%；根系TTC还原强度、TTC还原量、活跃吸收面积、总吸收面积及根系伤流速率也有显著提高，分别提高82.6%、91.9%、33.9%、34.5%、24.0%和109.9%、108.5%、83.8%、65.1%、14.7%；与RN处理相比，MR与MN处理的有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重显著增加，分别提高8.5%、11.7%、4.9%和3.9%、8.5%、4.2%，产量显著提高29.5%和23.7%。冬小麦播前翻耕可以显著改善夏玉米根系数量与质量特性，有利于提高产量。与MR处理相比，MN处理显著提高根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积，分别提高了22.8%、37.21%；但MN处理的根长、根表面积、根体积、节根层数、茎秆伤流速率、TTC还原量及TTC还原强度较MR处理没有达到显著性差异水平。MR处理与MN处理相比，其有效穗数提高4.7%，但两处理之间千粒重和穗粒数差异不大，产量没有达到显著差异水平。【结论】冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前免耕（MN）与冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前旋耕（MR）较冬小麦播前旋耕夏玉米播前免耕（RN）可显著提高根系特性从而提高了产量。而冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前免耕（MN）和冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前旋耕（MR）的根系特性指标和产量不具有显著性差异，表明小麦玉米周年生产中主要是冬小麦播前翻耕对夏玉米产量及根特性指标起主要作用。综合比较3种不同的耕作方式，冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米免耕（MN）是黄淮海区夏玉米生产最为适宜的耕作方式。

关键词: 夏玉米, 小麦玉米周年生产体系, 耕作方式, 根系特性, 产量

Abstract: 【Objective】The cultivation pattern in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is double cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize. The key reason for the influence on root development and yield is the decrease of nutrient content and the tillage layer is becoming shallow which are caused by long-term no-tillage or rotary tillage is practiced in growing winter wheat and no-tillage is practiced in growing maize. It has a significant impact on root development and yield of crops. This study is to investigate the effects of different tillages on root characteristics and grain yield of summer maize in double cropping system in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. 【Method】 Zhengdan958 (ZD958) was used as experimental materials. The field study consisted of tillage treatments before sowing winter wheat and summer maize: rotary tillage before winter wheat sowing and no-tillage before maize sowing (RN), tillage before wheat sowing and no-tillage before maize sowing (MN), and tillage before wheat sowing and rotary tillage before maize sowing (MR) were performed to explore the effects of tillage before winter wheat on root dry matter and root/shoot, root length and area, brace root quality, quantity of bleeding sap in stalk and grain yield. 【Result】The root dry weight, root/shoot ratio, root length, root surface area, root volume, brace root layer number, brace root article number and the brace root dry weight in 0-30 cm of MR and MN increased by 59.1%, 37.5%, 22.8%, 41.1%, 59.2%, 5.9%, 21.0%, 50.8%, and 68.5%, 50.0%, 16.7%, 33.7%, 44.0%, 3.9%, 20.1%, 57.6%, respectively. root TTC reducing capacity, TTC reducing quantity, root actively absorbing area, total root absorbing area and quantity of bleeding sap in 0-30 cm of MR and MN increased by 82.6%, 91.9%, 33.9%, 34.5%, 24.0%, and 109.9%, 108.5%, 83.8%, 65.1%, 14.7%, respectively. Compared to RN, actual ears, the spike grain number, 1000-kernel weight in MR and MN treatments were increased by 8.5%, 11.7%, 4.9% and 3.9%, 8.5%, 4.2%, respectively, and MR and MN treatments, respectively, increased yield by 29.5% and 23.7%. Ploughing before wheat seeding significantly improved the summer maize root quantity and quality characteristics, thus improved yield. Compared with MR, MN treatment significantly increased the total absorption area and active absorption area of the roots which increased by 22.8% and 37.21%, respectively. However, the root length, root surface area, root volume, root number, reductive amount and reductive intensity of TTC by root were not significantly different from those of MR. Compared with MN, the effective panicle number of MR increased by 4.7% but the spike grain number and 1000-kernel weight of two treatments showed no different, yield did not reach significant difference levels.【Conclusion】Compared to RN, MN and MR could significantly improve root properties and yield. The root characteristics and yield of MN and MR did not show significant difference, which indicated that the early wheat sowing was the main effect of winter wheat sowing on summer maize yield and root characteristics. In comprehensive comparison of three different farming methods, it was concluded that MN is the most suitable summer maize production farming method in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.

Key words: summer maize, double cropping of winter wheat and summer maize, tillage method, root characteristics, grain yield

高飞，李霞，任佰朝，董树亭，刘鹏，赵斌，张吉旺. 小麦玉米周年生产中耕作方式对夏玉米根系特性和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(11): 2141-2149.

GAO Fei, LI Xia, REN BaiZhao, DONG ShuTing, LIU Peng, ZHAO Bin, ZHANG JiWang. Root Characteristics and Grain Yield of Summer Maize Under Different Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Tillage Systems[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(11): 2141-2149.

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