黄土旱塬耕作方式和施肥对冬小麦产量和水分利用特性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.06.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探讨耕作方式与施肥措施对陇东黄土旱塬黑垆土冬小麦-春玉米轮作农田冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及耗水特性的影响。【方法】以设在半湿润偏旱区甘肃省镇原县连续12年的耕作与肥料长期定位试验为平台，采用裂区设计，以传统耕作和免耕为主处理，CK、N、P、M、NP、NMP为副处理，栽培制度为1年春玉米-3年冬小麦轮作，研究了不同耕作方式及施肥措施条件下的冬小麦产量、水分利用效率、耗水特性及产量与耗水量的关系。【结果】在产量方面，相同耕作方式以有机无机肥配施或无机肥配施高于有机肥或无机肥单施，有机肥单施优于化肥单施，磷肥单施优于氮肥单施；耕作方式间为传统耕作高于免耕。在水分利用特性方面，无论何种耕作方式及降雨年型，不同施肥措施在不同年份均以NMP水分利用效率最高，显著高于CK和其他处理，平均水分利用效率大小顺序为NMP＞NP＞M＞P＞CK＞N，传统耕作和免耕NMP较CK分别增加84.0%和84.1%；相同施肥措施中传统耕作高于免耕，NMP传统耕作较免耕增加13.6%。不同耕作方式及施肥措施冬小麦阶段耗水量与降雨量密切相关，其中NMP总耗水量相对较高，传统耕作干旱年、平水年、丰水年较CK分别增加了3.0%、4.4%、31.4%，免耕分别增加了10.2%、1.5%、25.7%，且NMP明显降低了播种—返青阶段耗水量及占总耗水量的比例，增加了返青—成熟阶段耗水量。耕作方式间总耗水量变化趋势基本为干旱年传统耕作高于免耕，丰水年和平水年免耕高于传统耕作，而降雨年型间总耗水量变化不一致。另外，无论何种降雨年型，不同耕作方式及施肥措施均在60 cm土层含水量呈拐点变化趋势，但拐点处含水量变化不同，其中NMP低于CK及其他施肥处理，变化顺序为丰水年＞平水年＞干旱年。不同施肥措施的边际水分利用效率以NMP最高，耕作方式为传统耕作高于免耕。【结论】无论何种耕作方式及降雨年型，不同年份NMP冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及边际水分利用效率均最高，收获期60 cm土层处含水量出现低值。总耗水量以NMP相对较高，且NMP有利于降低播种—返青阶段耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例，增加返青—成熟阶段耗水量和0—200 cm土层贮水量的消耗。耕作方式及施肥措施间冬小麦水分利用效率、边际水分利用效率均为传统耕作高于免耕。因此，综合考虑冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及耗水特性，认为无论何种降雨年型，采用传统耕作结合有机无机肥配施是本试验条件下的最优耕作施肥组合模式。

关键词: 黄土旱塬, 耕作与施肥, 冬小麦, 耗水特性, 水分利用效率

Abstract: 【Objective】The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effects of tillage and fertilization on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat under wheat-spring maize rotation at fields in the Loess Plateau of Eastern Gansu.【Method】The work is based on a 12 year field experiment of tillage and fertilization in Zhenyuan, Gansu province, where is a semi-humid arid area. A split plot design was developed in this experiment, with different tillage systems (traditional tillage and no-tillage) as main treatments and different fertilizer application (CK, N, P, M, NP, NMP) as sub-treatments. The yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat under different treatments were measured, and the relationship between yield and water consumption of winter wheat were further studied.【Result】The results showed that the treatments with organic manure had the higher yield of winter wheat in the same tillage system, implying that organic manure was superior to chemical fertilizer alone in the experimental area. The yield under nitrogen fertilization was lower than phosphate fertilizer. The yield of winter wheat under traditional tillage was higher than that of no-tillage. In terms of water use efficiency, water use efficiency under NMP treatment was the highest among different fertilization methods in different years. The average water use efficiency was in the order of NMP＞NP＞M＞P＞CK＞N; the average water use efficiency in treatment of the combination of NMP fertilizer and traditional tillage increased by 84.0% and that of no-tillage increased by 84.1%. The average water use efficiency under traditional tillage was higher than no-tillage, and that increased by 13.6% in the combination of traditional tillage and NMP fertilizer compared with no-tillage. The water consumption of winter wheat was strongly related to rainfall, and the total water consumption by crops under NMP was the highest. The average annual water consumption of NMP was 3.0%, 4.4%, 31.4% higher than that of CK under traditional tillage in three years; 10.2%, 1.5% and 25.7% were increased, respectively, under no-tillage in three years. On the other hand, NMP treatment significantly reduced the water consumption and the ratio of total water consumption during sowing-greening period and increased the water consumption during the greening-mature period. The total water consumption under the traditional tillage system was higher than under the no-tillage system in the drought year, but the no-tillage system had higher total water consumption in the wet year than in the traditional farming year. No consistent trend was found in rainfall year. In addition, regardless of the kind of rainfall year, different tillage and fertilization treatment, water content showed the change point at about 60 cm soil layer, but this point in NMP was lower than CK and other fertilization treatments, but the order of influence of soil water content was wet year＞normal year＞dry year. In the order of change for the abundance and the marginal water use efficiency, NMP treatment had the highest water use efficiency while as for tillage, traditional tillage had significant results.【Conclusion】The yield, water use efficiency of winter wheat under NMP treatment was the highest in different cropping patterns and rainfall years, where the water content showed the lowest at 60 cm soil depth. Besides, the total water consumption under NMP treatment was relatively higher; which might be helpful to reduce the water consumption and the proportion of water consumption at the stage of greening, and increase the consumption of water consumption and the storage of 0-200 cm soil layer. The abundant water use efficiency and marginal water use efficiency of winter wheat were higher under traditional tillage than that of no-tillage. Therefore, considering the winter wheat yield, water use efficiency and water consumption characteristics, regardless of what kind of rainfall years, the use of traditional tillage with organic and inorganic fertilizer under the conditions of this experiment is the best farming.

Key words: Loess Dryland Plateau, tillage and fertilizer, winter wheat, water consumption characteristic, water use efficiency (WUE)

张建军，樊廷录，党翼，赵刚，王磊，李尚中，王淑英，王勇. 黄土旱塬耕作方式和施肥对冬小麦产量和水分利用特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(6): 1016-1030.

ZHANG JianJun, FAN TingLu, DANG Yi, ZHAO Gang, WANG Lei, LI ShangZhong, WANG ShuYing, WANG Yong. Effects of Long-Term Tillage and Fertilization on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat in Loess Dry Land Plateau[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(6): 1016-1030.

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