饲养方式对猪宰前生理行为、胴体性质及肉品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.22.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】在两种饲养方式下，对猪运输前后唾液皮质醇水平、待宰栏行为和宰时血液福利指标作对比分析，以期说明发酵床饲养可降低猪对宰前应激的生理反应，最后对胴体性质和肉品质进行评估。【方法】按照密度一致原则（0.85 m²/头），将144头日龄相近（70.47±1.60 d）体重为（27.08±1.06）kg 的杜长大三元仔猪（公母各半）随机分为两组，即水泥地面饲养组(concrete floor house，CFH）和发酵床饲养组(deep-litter house，DLH），每组6次重复，CFH和DLH中每个重复分别为10和14头，自由采食和饮水。饲养期间记录猪日采食量，分别于试验第64和106天进行个体称重，按重复计算平均日增重和料肉比；试验结束时，每组选择10头体重约为105 kg猪进行屠宰（公母各半）。于运输前即饲喂栏（-60 min）和运输后待宰栏内0和120 min采集猪唾液，用于皮质醇测定；待宰栏内采集行为录像，用于猪行为学分析；宰时采集血液用于葡萄糖、乳酸、皮质醇含量及肌酸激酶活性测定；最后对猪胴体性质（热胴体重、屠宰率、胴体滴水损失、背膘厚、肉厚、瘦肉率）和背最长肌肉品质（pH、肉色、肌内脂肪、滴水损失、剪切力）进行评价。【结果】 ① 饲养期间，CFH和DLH猪末重、日均采食量、日增重及料肉比均无显著差异（P＞0.10）。② 运输前后，DLH猪唾液皮质醇水平均高于CFH猪（P＜0.05）；与运输前相比（-60 min），运输后0和120 minDLH猪唾液皮质醇升幅均显著低于CFH猪（0 min：+ 2.85±0.66 vs. + 5.08±1.33，P＜0.01；120 min：+ 1.03±0.63 vs. + 2.66±1.54，P=0.04）。③ 待宰栏休息时，在0-30 min和30-60 min时段，猪休息、站立、探究、走动、争斗和饮水等行为方面，CFH和DLH组之间无显著差异（P＞0.10）；然而，在60-90min时段时，DLH猪在探究、走动、争斗等行为方面显著低于CFH猪（P＜0.05）。④ 与CFH相比，DLH显著降低了宰时猪血液中乳酸含量和肌酸激酶活性（P＜0.01），对皮质醇含量有增加趋势（P=0.07），但对葡萄糖含量无显著影响（P＞0.10）。⑤ CFH和DLH猪屠宰率、胴体滴水损失、平均背膘厚及肉厚均无显著差异（P＞0.10）；关于肉品质，与CFH比，DLH对猪背最长肌肌内脂肪含量和滴水损失分别有提高和降低趋势（P=0.10），但对pH、L*（亮度）、a*（红度）、b*（黄度）等指标无显著影响（P＞0.10）。【结论】DLH能够降低待宰栏内猪的争斗行为和宰前生理应激反应，提高猪对宰前应激的应对能力，但对其生长性能、胴体性质和肉品质无显著影响。

关键词: 饲养方式, 猪, 宰前行为, 唾液皮质醇, 胴体性质, 肉品质

Abstract: 【Objective】This study aimed to make a comparative analysis of salivary cortisol level before and after transport, behavior during lairage, blood welfare indicators at slaughter of pigs housed in two rearing environments. Carcass traits and meat quality also were evaluated. 【Method】A total of 144 DLY pigs (half of castrated male and female) with body weight (BW) of 27.08±1.06 kg were randomly assigned into either the concrete floor house (CFH) treatment or the deep litter house (DLH) treatment. Each treatment had 6 pens (6 replicates), and according to the similar rearing density (0.85m²/animal), each replicate for CFH and DLH had 10 and 14 pigs, respectively. Animals had always access to feed and fresh water. Feed intake was recorded during the experimental period, and pigs were weighed individually on day 64 and 106 to get the growth performance. At the end of experiment, 10 pigs (half of castrated male and female) with approximately BW of 105 kg from each treatment were selected for slaughter. Salivary samples were collected at home pens (-60 min), 0 and 120 min during lairage for the cortisol analysis, and behavior video during lairage was recorded for observation of pigs’ behavior. Blood samples at slaughter were collected for the analysis of the plasma level of glucose, lactate, cortisol and creatine kinase (CK). Carcass traits (carcass percentage, carcass drip loss, backfat depth and muscle depth) and meat quality (pH value, meat color, intramuscular fat and drip loss) in Longissimus dorsi (LD) were evaluated. 【Result】 Final body weight, average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed/gain ratio of pigs from CFH did not show difference from those of pigs from CFH (P＞0.10). DLH pigs had higher salivary cortisol level in the home pen, and 0 and 120 min at lairage after transport than CFH pigs, but salivary cortisol rise at 0 and 120min lairage in DLH pigs as compared with the home pen measurement was lower than in CFH pigs (0 min, + 2.85±0.66 vs. + 5.08±1.33, P＜0.01; 120 min, + 1.03±0.63 vs. + 2.66±1.54, P=0.04). There were no differences in pigs spending time in resting, standing, exploring, walking, fighting and drinking between DLH and CFH during 0-60 min at lairage (P＞0.10). During 60-90 min, however, CFH pigs spent more time in exploring, walking and fighting compared with DLH pigs (P＜0.05). Compared with CFH pigs, DLH pigs at slaughter had similar plasma glucose level (P＞0.10), but lower levels of lactate and CK, and a higher tendency for cortisol level (P=0.07). Carcass percentage, carcass drip loss, backfat depth and muscle depth from DLH pigs did not show difference from those of from CFH pigs (P＞0.10). Concerning the meat quality, DLH tended to have more intramuscular fat content and less drip loss in LD (P=0.10), whereas pH_45min, pH_24h and meat color (L*, a* and b*) were unaffected (P＞0.10).【Conclusion】DLH could decrease time spent in fighting behavior during lairage and physiological response to pre-slaughter handling in pigs. These data showed DLH could improve the ability to copy with pre-slaughter stress in pigs. However, DLH had no effects on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality.

Key words: rearing environment, pig, pre-slaughter behavior, salivary cortisol, carcass strait, meat quality

朱洪龙，杨杰，徐小波，潘孝青，秦枫，李健，徐业飞，周晓云，顾洪如. 饲养方式对猪宰前生理行为、胴体性质及肉品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(22): 4441-4450.

ZHU Hong-long, YANG Jie, XU Xiao-bo, PAN Xiao-qing,QIN Feng, LI Jian, XU Ye-fei, ZHOU Xiao-yun, GU Hong-ru. Effects of Rearing Environment on Physiological and Behavioural Responses of Pigs to Pre-Slaughter Handing, Carcass Straits, and Meat Quality[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(22): 4441-4450.

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