稻麦轮作下紫色土有机碳活性及其对长期不同施肥的响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.22.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究稻麦轮作系统中紫色土总有机碳、活性有机碳和活性有机碳不同组分的变化特征及其对长期不同施肥措施的响应，揭示稻麦轮作系统长期不同施肥管理下有机碳质量和内在组成的变化。【方法】采集22年长期定位试验不施肥（CK）、单施化学氮肥（N）、化肥氮磷钾配施（NPK）、化肥氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPKS）、高量化肥氮磷钾+等量秸秆还田（1.5NPKS）和化肥氮磷钾+厩肥（NPKM）处理0—20、20—40、40—60 cm土层的土壤，测定了总有机碳、活性有机碳及其不同活性组分的含量，计算土壤碳库管理指数和不同活性组分的分配比例，分析了活性有机碳及其各组分与总有机碳的关系。【结果】长期不同施肥显著影响了各土层总有机碳和活性有机碳含量，与不施肥相比，所有施肥处理均维持或提高了土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数，其中化肥氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPKS）处理0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层总有机碳含量分别提高32.5%、25.7%和5.3%，活性有机碳含量提高37.0%、44.7%和9.3%，碳库管理指数提高38%、49%和9%，其提升幅度高于其他施肥处理。长期不同施肥显著提高了各土层高、中、低活性有机碳含量，有机无机肥配施处理（NPKS、1.5NPKS、NPKM）提升效果高于单施化肥处理（NPK、N）；但施肥对各活性组分占活性有机碳比例的影响较小，并没有改变各活性组分的分布格局。土壤活性有机碳及其高、中、低活性组分的含量与土壤深度有关，0—20 cm耕层土壤活性有机碳及高、中、低活性组分的含量均高于20—40和40—60 cm土层。不同土层高、中、低组分占活性有机碳的比例也存在较大差异，0—20 cm土层高、中、低活性组分占活性有机碳的比例平均为23.6%、35.6%和40.7%；下层土壤各活性组分的含量均下降，其中20—40 cm土层低活性组分下降程度较大，导致其占活性有机碳的比例下降至24.7%，而高活性和中活性组分的比例增加至30.5%和44.8%。土壤活性有机碳及其各组分与总有机碳含量呈显著线性正相关，表明土壤活性有机碳可以较好地反映总有机碳变化。【结论】稻麦轮作条件下，长期不同施肥可维持或提高土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳及其不同组分的含量，提高土壤碳库管理指数，氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田总体提升效果较好，是促进土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳累积、改善土壤有机碳质量的推荐施肥措施。

关键词: 土壤有机碳, 活性有机碳, 碳库管理指数, 长期施肥, 稻麦轮作, 水稻土

Abstract: 【Objective】 Based on a 22-year fertilization experiment, soil organic carbon (SOC) and its lability under different long-term fertilization were studied to investigate the SOC quantity and quality of purple soil and their responses to long-term fertilization in a rice-wheat cropping system.【Method】There were six fertilization treatments including no fertilizer (CK), chemical N fertilizer alone (N), chemical NPK fertilizers (NPK), chemical NPK fertilizers plus straw (NPKS), high amount of chemical NPK fertilizers plus equal amount of straw (1.5NPKS) and chemical NPK fertilizer plus manure (NPKM). In soil samples at 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm depths, the labile organic carbon (LOC) and its three fractions with different labilities, i.e., high LOC (HLOC), middle LOC (MLOC) and low LOC (LLOC), were determined according to the oxidation by 33, 167 and 333 mmol·L^-1 potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) solution, and carbon management index (CMI) was determined by total SOC (TOC) and LOC, and CK was used as reference.【Result】The TOC and LOC were 9.2-16.5 g·kg^-1 and 1.58-3.67 g·kg^-1 across all treatments and soil depths, respectively. Long-term fertilization could maintain or improve the TOC, LOC content and CMI, with greater improvement on the 0-20 cm soil layer than other layers. Compared with no fertilization, the increases in NPKS treatment were 32.5%, 25.7% and 5.3% for TOC, 37.0%, 44.7% and 9.3% for LOC, 38%, 49% and 9% for CMI on 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm soil layers, respectively, which were relatively greater than other fertilization treatments. Long-term fertilization significantly improved the content of HLOC, MLOC and LLOC on three soil layers with greater increase in treatments with combined application of mineral and organic fertilizers (NPKS, 1.5NPKS and NPKM) than mineral fertilizers alone (NPK and N), while the effect of long-term fertilization on proportions of three labile fractions to LOC was relatively small, indicating that long-term fertilization did not alter the distribution pattern of different LOC fractions. However, the content and proportions of HLOC, MLOC and LLOC were significantly affected by soil depth. On the average, HLOC, MLOC and LLOC accounted for 23.6%, 35.6% and 40.7% of LOC on 0-20 cm soil layer while 30.5%, 44.8% and 24.7% in 20-40 cm soil due to great decline of LLOC content. The LOC, HLOC, MLOC and LLOC were linearly and positively correlated with TOC content, indicating that LOC and its fractions could be used as indicators of TOC change caused by management practices.【Conclusion】These results suggested that long-term fertilization could maintain or improve the quantity and lability of SOC and thus CMI, and combined application NPK fertilizers with straw return is the recommended practice to promote both the TOC and LOC accumulation of purple soil in the rice-wheat cropping system.

Key words: soil organic carbon, labile organic carbon, carbon management index, long-term fertilization, rice-wheat rotation, paddy soil

赵亚南，柴冠群，张珍珍，谢军，李丹萍，张跃强，石孝均. 稻麦轮作下紫色土有机碳活性及其对长期不同施肥的响应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(22): 4398-4407.

ZHAO Ya-nan, CHAI Guan-qun, ZHANG Zhen-zhen, XIE Jun, LI Dan-ping, ZHANG Yue-qiang, SHI Xiao-jun. Soil Organic Carbon Lability of Purple Soil as Affected by Long-Term Fertilization in a Rice-Wheat Cropping System[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(22): 4398-4407.

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